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protective tariff (1816)

tariff law that limited competition from abroad on a wide range of items, including cotton cloth

reasons for westward expansion during the nineteenth century

- population growth; East was becoming crowded
- most americans were still farmers, land was more plentiful in the west
- Native Americans were forced further west because the government was taking their land

Results of the War of 1812

- economic growth and territorial expansion for the US
- led to the era of good feelings

Black belt region

region of the old southwest (the deep south) which contained dark, productive soil where cotton could thrive (in Alabama and Mississippi)

Era of Good Feelings

- the rising spirt of nationalism that spread through the US after the War of 1812
- reflected in the expansion of the economy, the growth of white settlement and trade in the west, the creation of new states, the character of national politics

white trappers

also known as "mountain men", led the fur trade in the west

Seminole War

- war started by Andrew Jackson in an effort to stop raids on American territory by Seminole Indians south of the border
- resulted in the adams-onis treaty in which spain ceded all of florida to the US and gave up its claim to territory north of the 42nd parallel in the pacific northwest; in return, US gave up its claims to Texas
- seminole tribes were forced westward

panic of 1819

new management at the national bank began tightening credit, calling in loans, and foreclosing mortgages— this precipitated a series of failures by state banks; the result was a financial panic and six years of depression

Missouri Compromise

- Maine would be admitted to the Union as a free state, Missouri as a slave state
- slavery would be prohibited in the rest of the Louisiana purchase territory north of the southern boundary of Missouri

John Marshall

- chief justice of the US
- molded the development of the constitution by strengthening the supreme court, increasing the power of the federal government, and advancing the interests of the propertied and commercial classes

Monroe Doctrine

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.

Tariff of Abominations

raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods; protected the Northern products from competition with foreign imports, but southerners didn't like it because they felt it only benefitted the industrialized north

Dartmouth college v. Woodward

- expanded the meaning of the contract clause of the constitution
- wanted to convert the private college into a state university
- placed important restrictions on the ability of state governments to control corporations

McCulloch v. Maryland

The Court ruled that the federal government had the right and power to set up a federal bank and that states did not have the power to tax the federal government

Gibbons v. Ogden

the court strengthened Congress's power to regulate interstate commerce

Johnson v. McIntosh

Established that Indian tribes had rights to tribal lands that preceded all other American law; only the federal government could take land from the tribes; individual american citizens could not buy or take land from the tribes

Worcester v. Georgia

held that the states did not have the right to impose regulations on Native American land

Dorr Rebellion

Thomas L. Dorr and his followers formed a "people's party", held a convention, drafted a new constitution, and submitted it to popular vote— was approved and dorrites began setting up a new government, two governments were claiming power in rhode island

Whigs

- Anti-Jackson political party that generally stood for national community and an activist government
- cautious about westward expansion, fearful that territorial growth would produce instability
- favored the expansion of federal power, industrial and commercial development, tariffs, and the national bank
- part of the second party system

Andrew Jackson

- the seventh President of the United States
- a general in the War of 1812, defeated the British at New Orleans
- opposed the Bank of the US, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers

Webster-Hayne Debate

Debate between Senators Daniel Webster and Robert Hayne on the issue of states' rights versus national power

Nullification Crisis

South Carolina wanted to nullify a federal tariff. Jackson believed nullification was treason. Led Henry Clay to create Clay's compromise— tariff would be lowered gradually. This sectional political crisis continued the debate surrounding the role of the federal government and the states and which was superior to the other.

Black Hawk War

an alliance of Sauk and Fox Indians under Black Hawk fought white settlers in an effort to overturn what Black Hawk considered an illegal cession of tribal lands to the US. The war reinforced the determination of whites to remove all the tribes to the west

Trail of Tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands— their journey from North Carolina into what is now Oklahoma became known as the Trail of Tears.

Bank War

Jackson was a "hard-money" supporter, believing that coins were the only safe currency and condemning banks that issued banknotes. Jackson vetoed the bill to renew the Bank of the US and weakened it by removing the government's deposits from it. Result was the shutdown of the bank.

Henry Clay

- politician who was senator, speaker of the house, and secretary of state during his career
- created compromise of 1850 (to maintain the union)
- helped produce Missouri compromise

cornerstone of the Jacksonian idea

the key to democracy was an expansion of economic opportunity which would not occur if older corporations could maintain monopolies

Panic of 1837

Jackson issued the "Specie Circular" to force people to pay for federal lands with gold or silver (instead of state banknotes). A financial panic began as a result; banks and businesses failed, unemployment grew, bread riots occurred, prices fell

Martin Van Buren

Advocated lower tariffs and free trade, and by doing so maintained support of the south for the Democratic party. He succeeded in setting up a system of bonds for the national debt

Caroline Affair

Anti-British factions in Canada launched an unsuccessful rebellion against the colonial government there. When the insurrection failed, some of the rebels took refuge near the US border and chartered an american steamship, the Caroline, to ship them supplies across the Niagara river. British authorities seized the ship and burned it, killing one american. Resentment in the US grew.

Aroostook War

Tensions flared over the boundary between Maine and Canada; rival groups of Americans and Canadians began moving into the Aroostook river region in the disputed area, precipitating a violent brawl known as the Aroostook war

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

settled boundry disputes in the North West between Britain and US, agreed to a northern boundary as far west as the rocky mountains

Treaty of Wang Hya

US first diplomatic relations with China; led to increase in American trade with China

Irish and German Immigration

the majority of newcomers came from Ireland and Germany; most of the Irish stayed in eastern cities and became part of the unskilled labor force; Germans moved to the Northwest where they became farmers or small businessmen

concerns because of the growing number of immigrants into the US

- immigrants were racially inferior
- they corrupted politics by selling their votes
- they were stealing jobs from the native workforce
- protestants worried that the growing Irish population would increase the power of the catholic church in America
- feared immigrants would become a radical force in politics

Nativism

- policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreigners
- nativists wanted to ban catholics or aliens from holding public office, enact more restrictive naturalization laws, and establish literacy tests for voting
- the "know-nothings"

Turnpike Era

TIme during 1790s to 1820s where the US relied on roads for internal transportation

Transportation Revolution

- Period of time, following the turnpike era, in which water transportation canals and railroads were built
- new transportation routes increased white settlement of the northwest
- internal american trade increased
- connected regional and national economics
- most important in the north, south had less capital to invest and was less of a priority (south focused on agricultural activity)

Commonwealth v. Hunt

Declared that labor unions were lawful organizations and that the strike was a lawful weapon.

Cult of Domesticity

the idea of a distinctive female culture for middle-class women; placed high value on women's "female virtues"

old northwest and northeast

- old northwest sold most of its products to the northeast
- northwest became an important market for the products of eastern industry
- increased the isolation of the south within the union

women in the market revolution

women worked in unskilled or semi-skilled jobs for little pay

Market Revolution

- transformed american business and global trade, sparked economic growth and personal wealth
- factories and mass production replaced independent artisans
- farms grew and produced goods for distant markets, shipping them using transportation such as the Erie canal
- played key role in defining the second party system

second middle passage

- hundreds of thousands of slaves moved from the upper South to the cotton states in the lower south
- slave families were broken up and scattered across the expanding cotton kingdom

James De Bow

Southern advocate for econmic independence from the North and southern commercial expansion

Cult of Honor

- dictated that southern white men give particular importance to the defense of women
- meant that white men were more dominant than white women in southern culture

role of southern white women

- vast majority lived on farms
- engaged in spinning, weaving, and agricultural tasks, but mostly focused on being good wives
- southern women had less access to education than women in the north

Slave Codes

- laws in the southern states that controlled enslaved people
- forbade slaves to hold property, to leave their masters' premises, to be out after dark, to congregate with other slaves, to carry firearms, to testify in court, or to hit a white person
- prohibited whites from teaching slaves to read or write

social hierarchy in the south

- planter class: wealthiest group of farmers
- farmers: "plain folk", owned land but not many slaves
- poorest whites: "hill people" who lived away from farms; also illiterate hunters who lived in the infertile lands of the south
- free Africans: africans who got enough money to buy freedom
- slaves

Romanticism

- a movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and individualism
- emphasized emotion and nature in opposition to the increasing technology, pollution, and urbanization that resulted from the industrial revolution
- influenced transcendentalism and environmentalism

Transcedentalists

- promoted a theory of the individual that rested on a distinction between what they called "reason" and "understanding"
- believed every individual should strive to transcend the limits of the intellect and allow the emotions, the soul, to create an "original relation to the universe"
- transcendentalists: Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau

Brook Farm

A transcendentalist Utopian experiment where individuals would gather to create a new society that would permit every member to have full opportunity for self-realization

Seneca Falls Convention

- the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments and Resolution was written
- launched a movement for women's suffrage
- had little immediate success but built support for a women's rights movement
- challenged the notion that men and women were fundamentally different

William Lloyd Garrison

- abolitionist who emphasized the damage the system did to slaves
- founded the American Antislavery Society

Manifest Destiny

- ideology that reflected American nationalism and the idealistic vision of social perfection
- held that it was America's responsibility to control all of north America and civilize it — led to war with Mexico because the US wanted Texas
- US gained territory from Mexico which ruined the Missouri compromise and reignited the debate over whether or not slavery should be permitted in the new territory

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of New Mexico and California in exchange for $15 million, also acknowledged the Rio Grande as the boundary of Texas

Wilmot Proviso

- David Wilmot, an antislavery democrat, introduced an amendment to the appropriation bill prohibiting slavery in any territory acquired from mexico
- failed in the senate because southern militants contended that all Americans had equal rights in the new territories, including the right to move their slaves into them

Popular Sovereignty

plan which would allow the people of each territory to decide the status of slavery

Free Soil Party

- opposed the expansion of slavery into the western territories of the US
- signaled the inability of the existing parties to contain the political passions slavery was creating
- early sign of the collapse of the second party system
- highlighted the growing economic differences in the north and south resulting from unequal industrialization (north had free labor market, south relied on slavery; free soil party was most supported in the north)

Compromise of 1850

- California admitted as free state
- formation of territorial governments in the rest of the lands acquired from Mexico, without restrictions on slavery
- abolition of the slave trade, but not slavery itself, in the district of Columbia
- new fugitive slave law

Young America

- movement in the democratic party
- way to divert attention from the controversies over slavery

Kansas-Nebraska Act

- divided land into two territories- Kansas and Nebraska
- Kansas would become a slave state and Nebraska would be a free state
- divided and destroyed the whig party
- led to the founding of the republican party

John Brown

- abolitionist who attempted to lead a slave revolt
- led the attack on Harper's Ferry because he wanted to see slavery come to an immediate end

Dred Scott v. Sanford

- decided US Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in federal territories
- slaves, as private property, could not be taken away without due process

Homestead Act

permitted any citizen or prospective citizen to purchase 160 acres of public land for a small fee after living on it for five years

Morill Act

transferred substantial public acreage to the state governments, which could sell the land and use the proceeds to finance public education

National Bank Acts

Created a new national banking system. Existing or newly formed banks could join the system if they had enough capital and were willing to invest one-third of it in government securities. In return, they could issue US Treasury notes as currency

Confiscation Act

declared that all slaves used for insurrectionary purpses (in support of the Confederate military effort) would be considered freed

Emancipation Proclamation

declared the slaves inside the confederacy were forever free (this did not apply to the union slave states)

13th Amendment

abolished slavery in all parts of the US

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederate States of America

Conscription Act

a Confederate law that subjected all white men aged 18-35 to military service

Special Field Order 15

granted former confederate land in coastal Georgia and South Carolina to the region's ex-slaves

Black Codes

laws which authorized local officials to apprehend unemployed blacks, fine them for vagrancy, and hire them out to private employers to satisfy the fines

Fifteenth Amendment

forbade any state to deny any citizen the right to vote because of race, color, or previous condition of servitude

Sharecropping

black agricultural laborers became tenants of white landowners; they worked their own plots of land and paid the landowners with fixed rent or a share of their crops

Crop Lien System

system in which farmers had to give a the merchants a lien (or claim) on their crops as collateral for loans

panic of 1873

Financial panic in which banks closed and the stock market crashed; began with the failure of a leading investment banking firm

Specie Resumption Act

- provided that greenback dollars would be redeemed by the government and replaced with new certificates, firmly pegged to the price of gold
- satisfied creditors who had worried that debts would be repaid in paper currency of uncertain value
- made things difficult for debtors because the gold-based money supply could not easily expand

National Greenback Party

Party that arose out of a desire for paper money, not successful in gaining widespread support, kept money issue alive

Alabama Claims

American claims that Britain had violated neutrality laws during the civil war by permitting english shipyards to build ships for the confederacy (one of the ships was called the Alabama). America demanded that England pay for the damage these vessels had caused

Treaty of Washington

- British-American treaty, forged by Hamilton Fish, addressing grievances from the civil war
- provided for international arbitration

Ku Klux Klan

- secret society created by white southerners to undermine the reconstruction regimes
- used terrorism and violence to frighten or physically bar blacks from voting

Enforcement Acts

prohibited the states from discriminating against voters on the basis of race and gave the national government the authority to prosecute crimes by individuals under federal law

Southern industry after reconstruction

- expanded in textile manufacturing
- tobacco processing industry established important foothold in the south
- iron industry grew rapidly
- high percentage of factory workers were women
- worker exploitation grew

most important economic problem in the post-reconstruction south

the impoverished state of agriculture:
- tenantry and debt peonage
- reliance on few cash crops rather than diversified agricultural system
- increasing absentee ownership of valuable farmlands

Booker T. Washington

- former slave, worked his way out of poverty after acquiring an education
- founder and president of Tuskegee institute in Alabama
- believed African Americans should attend school, learn skills, and establish solid footing in agriculture and the trades; industrial, not classical, education should be their goal
- said blacks would only win the respect of the white population if they adopted the standards of the white middle class

Atlanta Compromise

Argument put forward by Booker T. Washington that African-Americans should not focus on civil rights or social equality but concentrate on self-improvement and preparation for equality

Plessy v. Ferguson

- court held that separate accommodations did not deprive blacks of equal rights if the accommodations were equal (like segregated seating on railroads)
- "separated but equal"

Cumming v. County Board of Education

Court ruled that communities could establish schools for whites only, even if there were no comparable schools for blacks

Jim Crow Laws

laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites— institutionalized an elaborate system of racial hierarchy into almost every area of southern life

Battle of Bull Run

- first major battle of the Civil War
- severe blow to Union morale and to the president's confidence in his officers

Mormons

- church founded by Joseph Smith
- religious group that reflected a belief in human perfectibility
- created a haven for people demoralized by the disorder and uncertainty of the secular world

Battle of Chattanooga

Union army drove the Confederates back into Georgia, gaining control of the Tennessee river

Abraham Lincoln

- 16th President of the United States during the Civil War (team union)
- emancipated the slaves within the confederacy (emancipation proclamation)
- believed American democracy meant equal rights and equality of opportunity
- was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth