Metabolism and Nutrition

The reaction A + B + energy → AB is a(n) __________.

anabolic reaction

ATP hydrolysis would yield all of the following, except __________.

adenosine

The sum of all biochemical reactions that take place in the human body at any given time is called __________.

metabolism

A substance that is oxidized __________.

loses electrons

The final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain is __________.

oxygen

The poison cyanide inhibits an enzyme in complex IV of the ETC and blocks electron transport altogether. This will also __________.

block the chemiosmotic gradient

In glycolysis, glucose is split into two __________.

pyruvates

__________ ATP molecules are produced via the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation.

34

Which of the following is a waste product from amino acid catabolism?

urea

Ammonia is a byproduct from __________.

deamination

During lipogenesis, fatty acids are synthesized from __________.

acetyl-CoA

Excess amino acids are __________.

converted to glucose and fatty acids

Which of the following molecules can be a precursor molecule for lipogenesis?

Acetyl-CoA

You would expect leptin deficient mice to be __________.

obese and overeating

Which of the following processes is not common during the post-absorptive state?

Glucose catabolism

The hormone insulin stimulates __________.

protein synthesis

The metabolic rate increases __________.

with increased muscle mass

The minimum energy expenditure of an awake, alert person is called __________.

basal metabolic rate

Molecules that can only be obtained from the diet are called __________.

essential nutrients

Current USDA guidelines for a healthy diet are called __________.

myplate

A patient with a BMI of 20 will be classified as __________.

normal weight

Which of the following foods is a dietary source for lipids?

eggs

What type of reaction requires energy to proceed?

Endergonic reaction

Which of the following terms best summarizes ATP hydrolysis?

Exergonic

What are the products of the citric acid cycle?

6 NADH

What term is defined as the sum of the body's chemical reactions?

Metabolism

If a mutation prevents the formation of oxaloacetate, which of the following processes will be impaired?

Citric acid cycle

What is the maximum number of ATP produced when one glucose is completely oxidized?

38 ATP

What is required for glucose catabolism to proceed beyond glycolysis?

Oxygen

Which of the following molecules is broken down in cellular respiration, providing fuel for the cell?

Glucose

Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate:

is reduced to lactate.

A substance that is reduced __________.

gains electrons

When is carbon dioxide produced during glucose catabolism?

Intermediate step and citric acid cycle

The type of reactions that cells use to build proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids is classified as __________.

anabolism

Which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a human cell?

Glycolysis

What process involves the donation of a phosphate group from ATP to a reactant to “pay” for a cellular process?

Phosphorylation

How many net ATP are produced as a result of glycolysis?

2 ATP

What molecule is both the starting compound and end result of the citric acid cycle?

Oxaloacetate

What does the intermediate step produce that is needed for the citric acid cycle to proceed?

Acetyl-CoA

Which nutrient monomers do cells of the body use to generate ATP?

• Amino acids

• Fatty acids

• Glycerol

• Glucose

What is the correct sequence of events of cellular respiration?

Glycolysis, intermediate step, citric acid cycle, and electron transport chain

Another name for the citric acid cycle is __________.

Krebs cycle

What hormone stimulates the satiety center?

Leptin

What process synthesizes glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors such as glycerol or certain amino acids?

Gluconeogenesis

What part of a triglyceride undergoes ß-oxidation?

Fatty acids

Which of the following chemicals is a waste product from amino acid catabolism?

Urea

The liver cannot metabolize ___________ in any significant amount.

ketone bodies

What molecule cannot be used for gluconeogenesis?

Fatty acid

What are the two main storage materials for nutrient energy in the body?

Glycogen and adipose

What process breaks down glycogen to release glucose into the blood?

Glycogenolysis

If a patient has ketoacidosis resulting from uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, then they must use __________ to generate ATP.

fatty acids

Which of the following molecules results from the lipolysis of a triglyceride?

Glycerol and fatty acids

The majority of the body's energy is stored as __________.

triglycerides

Which hormone stimulates the uptake of glucose by cells, lowering the concentration of glucose in the blood?

insulin

Which of the following vitamins is water soluble?

Vitamin C

Fruits, honey, candy, and juices are dietary sources of __________.

monosaccharides and disaccharides

Which type of lipoprotein transfers cholesterol from the cells in peripheral tissues to the liver for inclusion as part of bile?

High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

Which vitamin is required for calcium ion homeostasis and bone growth?

Vitamin D

Vitamins are classified as:

micronutrients

Vitamin B₉ is also known as __________.

folic acid

Heat is exchanged between the body and the environment by all of the following mechanisms except__________.

precipitation

Thermoregulation involves a steady core body temperature near __________.

37.5° C (99.5° F)

What is the primary function of copper in the body?

Component of coenzymes of the electron transport chain

A patient with a body mass index (BMI) of 28 will be classified as __________.

overweight

Molecules that can only be obtained from the diet are called __________.

essential nutrients

Protein catabolism results in:

amino acids

In order to proceed, endergonic reactions require an input of:

energy.

Which of the following reactions releases energy?

exergonic reactions

What process involves the donation of a phosphate group from ATP to a reactant to "pay" for a cellular process?

phosphorylation

When electrons are lost from one reactant, they are transferred to another compound in reactions known as:

oxidation-reduction reactions.

What is NOT required for glycolysis to occur?

mitochondrion

Which of the following is NOT true of glycolysis?

Four molecules of NADH are spent.

Carbon dioxide results from the loss of carbon atoms during:

the citric acid cycle.

In which process of cellular respiration is water produced?

electron transport chain

What ions are pumped against their concentration gradient from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space during the electron transport chain (ETC)?

hydrogen

What is required for glucose catabolism to proceed beyond glycolysis?

oxygen

How are pathways of protein, lipid, and carbohydrate catabolism similar?

They all can ultimately go through the citric acid cycle.