Bio 201 final exam AZ college With complete verified solutions + Rationales

Brain Stem

The medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain makes up what part of the brain?

Synarthrosis

A suture is an example of

Which of the following is the function of skeletal muscle?

Maintain body temperature, Produce movement

Classified as joints

bony,cartilaginous, fibrous, synovial

The advantage of nuclei in the skeletal

Produce large amounts of muscle proteins

Gomphosis

The synarthrosis that binds the teeth

Brachial

The ventral rami nerves C5-T1

Cervical

Muscles of the kneck and shoulder

-90 mv

equilibrium potential of K+

Pronation

A rolling of the distal epiphysis of radius over the ulna is known as

H band

Area in the center of the A bands that contains no thin filaments

Saddle joint

The joint between the trapezium and metacarpal bone of the thumb is an example of

All or none principle

Only sensory stimuli can activate action potential is known as

Multipolar

The most abundant class of neuron in the Central Nervous System

Central Nervous System

The_______nervous system is composed of the brain and the spinal cord

Second class lever

Contracting the gastrocnemius muscles to elevate the body on the toes involve

Myelinated Axons

The white matter of the spinal cord is mainly

Somatic

The ______nervous system controls the skeletal system

Sternocleidomastoid

The clavicular head that attaches to the external end of the clavicle is the origin of

Sarcolemma

The plasma membrane of skeletal muscle fiber

Dura mater

The tough,fibrous covering of the spinal cord

M line

In a sarcomere, the central portion of the thick filaments are linked laterally by proteins

Which of the following is NOT the function of the nervous system

direct long-term functions, such as growth

Diathrosis

A synovial joint is an example of

97%

The adult human brain contains almost ________ of the body's neural tissue

Joint

The fulcrum of the lever

Meningitis

CSF flow can be disrupted,Inflammation of the meninges, bacteria can be cause

Synarthrosis

An immovable joint

Astrocytes

The largest and most numerous of the glial cells in the central nervous system

Repolarization

Potassium ions move out of the cell

Medulla Oblangata

Autonomic centers that control blood pressure, heart rate and digestion

Spinal nerves

both sensory and motor

Which of the following movements is a good example of flexion?

Moving the hand toward the shouder

Diaphragm

Inferior vena cava, Esophagus, and throracic aorta all pass through which muscle

Memory

Which of the following not function of neuroglia?

Which is of the following is NOT synovial ?

covered by a serous membrane

Which best describe the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

storage for the release site for calcium ion

What is rigor mortis?

stiffening of muscles after death, when you die sarcoplasmic release calcium in sarcolemma

Bipolar

Neurons that have one axon,one dendrite, with the soma between are

What is the layer of muscle starting from superficial to deep?

Ephymisium,Perimysium, Fascicle, Endomysium,muscle fiber, Myofibril

What are the functions of Neuroglia?

Secrete cerebrospinal fluid, have cillia or microvilli that circulate CSF, Monitor CSF, Contain stem cells for repair

Cervical plexus

Includes ventral rami of spinal nerves C1-C5

Innervates neck, thoracic cavity, diaphragmatic muscles

Major nerve: Phrenic nerve (controls diaphragm

Brachial Plexus

Includes ventral rami of spinal nerves C5-T1

Innervates pectoral girdle and upper limbs

Lumbar plexus

Includes ventral rami of spinal nerves T12-L4

Sacral plexus

Includes ventral rami of spinal nerves L4-S4

Four Breaks in the BBB:

Portions of hypothalamus secrete hypothalamic hormones

Posterior lobe of pituitary gland secretes hormones ADH and oxytocin

Pineal gland pineal secretions

Choroid plexus where special ependymal cells maintain blood-CSF barrier

Protection and Support

Meninges stabilize brain in cranial cavity

Cerebrospinal fluid protects against sudden movement

CSF provides nutrients and removes wastes

Blood-brain barrier and blood-CSF barrier: selectively isolate brain from chemicals in blood that might disrupt neural function

Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)

Formed by network of tight junctions between endothelial cells of CNS capillaries

Lipid-soluble compounds (O2, CO2), steroids, and prostaglandins diffuse into interstitial fluid of brain and spinal cord

Astrocytes control blood-brain barrier by releasing chemicals that control permeability of endothelium

Blood-CSF Barrier

formed by special ependymal cells and surrounds capillaries of choroid plexus which limits movement of compounds transferred and allows chemical composition of blood and CSF to differ

Explain the sequence of the sliding muscle theory?

Thin filaments of the sarcomere slide toward M line, alongside thick filaments

The width of the A zone stays the same

Z line move closer together

What is the difference between gyri and sulci?

Sulci( grooves) Gyri ( ridges)

First class lever

When the fulcrum is located between the load and the force, it is called a__________lever

Third class lever

the most common lever system in the body are those that have the applied force between the fulcrum and the load

Different types of synovial joints

Gliding- flattened or slightly curved faces Ex: wrist, ankles

Hinge-angular motion in single plane Ex elbow,knee and ankle

Pivot-roin two planes rotation only Ex: altatoaxial joint,Proximal radioulnar

Condyloid-oval articular face within depression motion in the two planes Ex: radiocarpal, metacarpals and metatasophalanges

Saddle-two concave straddled ex: thumb

Ball and socket - round articular face in depression ex shoulder and hip

function of arachnoid mater

middle meningeal layer

Arachnoid membrane includes simple squamous epithelia and covers arachnoid mater

function of pia mater

is the innermost meningeal layer

Is a mesh of collagen and elastic fibers

Is bound to underlying neural tissue

what is the purpose of the ventricles in the brain?

Produce CSF, cerebrospinal fluid