IB Physics Unit 7 Structure of Matter (Quarks, Leptons, Mesons, Baryons, Protons, Fundamental Forces). SME 7.3

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for May 2024 syllabus

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94 Terms

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Quark

Fundamental particles; make up protons and neutrons

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Hadron

any particle made up of quarks

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Examples of Hadrons

Protons and Neutrons

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Proton

uud

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Neutron

udd

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u

Up

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c

Charm

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t

Top

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d

Down

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s

Strange

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b

Bottom

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Relative charge for quarks ‘uct’

+2/3e

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Relative charge for quarks ‘dsb’

-1/3e

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Baryons

constructed of 3 quarks

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Example of Baryons

protons and neutrons

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Mesons

quark and anti quark pair

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Fundamental

Not made up of any other particles

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Examples of fundamental particles

Electrons, Quarks

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Strangeness of Strange quark

-1

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Leptons

Fundamental particles

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e-

electrons

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μ-

Muon

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𝜏-

Tau

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Ve

electron neutrino

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Muon Neutrino

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V𝜏

Tau Neurino

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Charge of 𝜏-, μ- & e-

0.0005u

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Emitted with electrons (during beta decay)

Electron-Neutrino

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Emitted with Muons

Muon-Neutrino

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Emitted with Tau

Tau-Neutrino

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Leptons Interact with:

Weak interaction, electromagnetic and gravitational forces

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Leptons Do Not interact with:

Strong force

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Up Antiparticle

Anti-Up

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Charm Antiparticle

Anti-Charm

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Top Antiparticle

Anti-top

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Down Antiparticle

Anti-Down

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Strange Antiparticle

Anti-Strange

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Bottom Antiparticle

Anti-Bottom

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Charge of Anti-Quarks

Reverse symbol of charge

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Denotation of Anti-Quarks

Add dash directly on top of symbol

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Lepton Number

Number of laptons in an interaction

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Baryon Number of quarks

+1/3

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Baryon Number of anti quarks

-1/3

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Lepton Number of Leptons

+1

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Lepton Number of Anti-Leptons

-1

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Lepton Number of Any Particle that is not a Lepton

0

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Rule of Lepton Number

Lepton Number is Conserved in all interactions

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Protons Stability as Baryons

The most Stable Baryon

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Protons Half Life as Baryon

Longest Half-life of any Baryon

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Protons Relationship between Baryon stability and mass

Protons are the most Stable baryons as a result of them also being the lightest Baryon.

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Proton Half-Life order of magnitude

10³² Years

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Electron Antiparticle e+

Positron

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Beta Decay occurs through…

The Weak Interaction

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Four fundamental Forces

Gravity, Electromagnetism, Strong and Weak Nuclear Forces

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Summary of Beta- decay

A neutron turns into a proton emitting an electron and antineutrino

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In depth of Beta Decay

Neutron turns into proton because
a down quark turns into an up quark

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Summary of Beta+ Decay

A proton turns into a neutron emitting a positron and an electron neutrino

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In depth of Beta Decay

A proton turns into a neutron because
an up quark turns into a down quark

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Hadrons

Subatomic particles made of quarks

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Hadrons idenitty

Either Baryon or Mesons

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Hadrons Antiparticle

Anti-Hadrons

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Anti-Hadrons identity

Anti-Baryons or Anti-mesons

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Hadrons and Mesons important note

All possess an Integer (Whole Number) charge
e.g +1e,

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Baryon important note

Combinations of quarks and anti quarks do not exist.

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Baryon Number B

Number of Baryons in an interaction

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Baryon number of Baryons

B = +1

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Baryon Number of Anti-Baryons

B = - 1

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Baryon Number of Non-Baryons`

B = 0

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Rule of Baryon Number

It is conserved.

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Baryon number of Quarks Up Down Stange

1/3

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Baryon number of Anti Up, Anti Down, and Anti - Strange

-1/3

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Baryon Number of Mesons

B = 0

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Examples of Mesons

Pions, Kaons, D mesons, B mesons

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Pions Charge information

Can be positive, negative or neutral

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Pion Antiparticle

Negative pion

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Pions mass and stability

Lightest mesons, and therefore most stable

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discovery of pions

discovered in cosmic rays

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Pions

Exchange particles of the strong nuclear force

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Positive pion

up + anti down

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neutral pion

up + anti up | down + anti down

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negative pion

anti up + down

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Kaons

heavy unstable mesons which normally decay into pions

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Conservation of strangeness

Not conserved, Nonexistent

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Bosons

“Wingman” particles which mediate interactions based on the four fundamental forces

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Mediator of Gravitational Forces

Graviton

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Mediator of Weak Forces

W+ W- & Z { W-Bosons & Z-Bosons

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Mediator of Electromagnetic Forces

Photons γ

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Mediator of Strong Nuclear Forces

Gluons (Between quarks) and Plons (between nucleons)

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Strong Nuclear forces and Leptons

Leptons Cannot interact with the strong nuclear force, since they are not made of quarks

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<p>Graphical interpretation of Strong nuclear force </p>

Graphical interpretation of Strong nuclear force

Becomes zero after 3.0fm

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Repulsive (of strong forces)

closer than 0.5fm

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Attractive (of strong forces)

up to around 3.0 fm

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Exchange particles

Temporary particles that mediate/carry/transmit a fundamental force between interacting particles

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The Higgs-Boson

A particle responsible for the mass of all other particles