Haloarenes and haloalkanes

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24 Terms

1
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What is the general reaction in the Finkelstein Reaction?

R-X + Na-I → R-I + NaX, where X can be Cl or Br.

2
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What is the purpose of using dry acetone in the Finkelstein Reaction?

It favors the forward direction of the reaction by precipitating NaX.

3
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What does the Sandmeyer's reaction accomplish?

It introduces CN or other groups into the benzene ring of benzene diazonium salts.

4
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How is benzene diazonium chloride formed?

By treating a solution of Aniline in dilute HCl with sodium nitrite at low temperature.

5
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What is the Wurtz Reaction used for?

To couple alkyl halides with sodium to form a new alkane.

6
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What is the Saytzeff Rule?

The more substituted alkene is the major product in elimination reactions.

7
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How can haloalkanes be prepared from alcohols?

By treating alcohols with reagents like PCl5, PX3, or using zinc chloride.

8
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What is the main feature of Friedel-Crafts reactions?

They involve electrophilic aromatic substitution to introduce alkyl or acyl groups.

9
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What is a Grignard reagent?

A reagent formed by reacting an alkyl or aryl halide with magnesium.

10
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Which reaction is characterized by converting aryl halides to phenols?

The Dow's Process involving nucleophilic substitution.

11
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What are the physical properties of haloalkanes?

They are typically colorless, polar but insoluble in water, and soluble in organic solvents.

12
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What trends are observed in the boiling points of haloalkanes?

The boiling point increases with increasing molecular weight and decreases with increasing polar character.

13
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What are nucleophiles?

Nucleophiles are species that donate an electron pair to form a chemical bond.

14
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What is electrophilic aromatic substitution?

It's a reaction where an electrophile replaces a hydrogen atom in an aromatic compound.

15
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What role do catalysts play in chemical reactions?

Catalysts speed up reactions without being consumed by lowering activation energy.

16
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Define isomerism.

Isomerism is the phenomenon where compounds with the same formula have different structures or arrangements.

17
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What are stereoisomers?

Stereoisomers are isomers that differ in spatial orientation of atoms.

18
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Explain what a reagent is.

A reagent is a substance used because of its reactive properties in a chemical reaction.

19
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What is the difference between SN1 and SN2 reactions?

SN1 is a two-step process involving carbocation formation, while SN2 is a one-step process involving a concerted mechanism.

20
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What are alkenes?

Alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond.

21
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What is the importance of chirality in chemistry?

Chirality is important as it influences the behavior of molecules in biological systems and drug efficacy.

22
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What are the characteristics of strong acids?

Strong acids completely dissociate in water, producing a high concentration of hydrogen ions.

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