PSY 350 Exam 3

factitious disorder

intentionally producing physical symptoms to adopt the role of a sick person

malingering

intentionally producing physical symptoms for some external gain

treatment is lacking for which disorder

factitious disorder

factitious disorder imposed on another

when a caregiver or parent falsely creates symptoms and imposes them on the one receiving care, deceptive production of injury or disease even without external rewards.

conversion disorder

at least one symptom or deficit that affects voluntary motor or sensory functioning, but symptoms are inconsistent with any known medical disease

somatic symptom disorder

at least one upsetting or repeatedly disruptive physical symptom, followed by unreasonable number of thoughts, feelings, and behavior about physical symptoms

symptoms last longer but are less dramatic or unusual for which disorder?

somatic symptom disorder

2 patterns of somatic symptom disorder

predominant pain pattern & somatization pattern

psychodynamic view of conversion & somatic symptom disorder

childhood unconscious conflicts & underlying emotional conflicts are converted into physical symptoms.
primary gain: symptoms keep unconscious conflicts out of conscious awareness
secondary gain: kindness from others, avoiding unpleasant activities

cognitive behavioral view of conversion & somatic symptom disorder

Somatic vigilance: some people are hypersensitive to their bodies
rewards: attention from others
communication: symptoms are forms of self-expression that is difficult to convey

multicultural view of conversion and somatic symptom disorder

DSM-5 represents a "western bias". physical symptoms of psychological stressors are often the norm on non-western countries,
Physical and psychological reactions to stressors should be viewed through this lens.

psychodynamic treatment of conversion & somatic symptom disorders

focus on underlying fears and the unconscious so the need to convert anxiety into physical symptoms

CBT treatment of conversion & somatic symptom disorders

exposure based techniques for events that first triggered physical symptoms

biological treatment of conversion & somatic symptom disorders

antidepressant drugs like SSRIs and SNRIs are used to help treat anxiety and depression in those with these disorders

physical treatment of conversion & somatic symptom disorders

psychoeducation -- explain the disorder to the patient
reinforcement - increase rewards for positive, healthy behaviors
cognitive restructuring - challenging and changing thought distortions related to physical symptoms and illness

illness anxiety disorder

preoccupied with thoughts about having or getting a significant illness, in reality person has no or at most mild somatic symptoms

exposure and response prevention treatment that is used to treat OCD is also used for which disorder?

illness anxiety disorder

psychophysiological disorders

ulcers, asthma, insomnia, chronic headaches, hypertension, and heart disease

biological factors that can cause psychophysiological disorders

easy activation of the sympathetic nervous system and HPA axis

psychological factors that can cause psychophysiological disorders

attitudes, emotions or coping styles (including type A personality) that cause people to overreact repeatedly to stressors

sociocultural factors that can cause psychophysiological disorders

poverty, race/ethnicity

immune system is negatively impacted by

decreased sleep, bad diet, aging, and STRESS

those who few social supports and feel lonely tend to

have poorer immune functioning

behavioral medicine treatment for physical disorders

combines psychological and physical treatments for medical problems

relaxation training treatment for physical disorders

progressive muscle relaxation, systematic desensitization,

biofeedback treatment for physical disorders

EMG provides visual or audio feedback about heart rate or muscle tension

Meditation treatment for physical disorders

concentrating inwards, changing state of consciousness and temporarily ignoring all stressors

hypnosis treatment for physical disorders

most effective for pain

best treatments for physical disorders

combination of treatments works best for many

anorexia nervosa

individual purposely takes in too little nourishment, resulting in low body weight, is very fearful of gaining weight and has distorted body perception

the suicide rate among people with anorexia nervosa is

5x higher than the general population

restricting-type anorexia

reduce weight by restricting food intake

binge-eating/purging type anorexia

reduce weight by forced vomiting, laxatives or diuretics

75% of anorexia and bulimia cases occur in

women and adolescent girls

motivation behind anorexia nervosa

fear

clinical symptom of anorexia; preoccupied with food

fantasize about food, meal planning and even dream about food

clinical symptom of anorexia; thought distortions

perceive themselves as bigger than they are, hold beliefs such as "i must be perfect in every way" "I can avoid guilt by not eating" "I'll be a better person if i deprive myself of food"

symptoms/disorders that are often comorbid with anorexia

depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, insomnia, substance abuse, and OCD

medical problems associated with anorexia nervosa

loss of menstrual cycle, heart failure, hair loss, skin proble

bulimia nervosa

engaging in repeated episodes of bingeing and purging

binges

uncontrollable eating over (~ 2hrs) during which a person eats a very large amount of food

purge

compensatory behaviors such as, forced vomiting, laxative, diuretic, enema use, fasting, or excessively exercising

the weight of people with bulimia nervosa

usually stays within a normal range

binges are

negatively reinforcing because they reduce negative emotions (anxiety/depression)

binges are followed by feelings of

self-blame, shame, guilt, depression, and worry

those with bulimia are more likely to be diagnosed with

personality disorder

those with bulimia tend to be concerned with

pleasing others and attractiveness

anorexia and bulimia both typically begin after

a period of dieting by those who are afraid of becoming obese

binge-eating disorder

engaging in repeated eating binges during which they lose control over eating, but does NOT include compensatory behaviors

half of those with binge-eating disorder

become overweight or obese

the most prevalent eating disorder is

binge-eating disorder

population that is particularly at risk for binge-eating disorder

those who live with food insecurity

health problems related to binge-eating disorder

diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease and stroke

multidimensional risk perspective of eating disorders

most researchers/theorists identify several key factors that place a person at risk for eating disorders, the more of these factors that are present increase the risk of development

psychodynamic factors of eating disorders

ineffective parenting leads to ego deficiencies and perceptual disturbances. emotional cues may be incorrectly perceived as hunger

cognitive behavioral factors of eating disorders

"core pathology" -- core belief that focuses on judging themselves based on body shape and weight and the ability to control them

factors of depression on eating disorders

half of those with eating disorders suffer from depression, reverse causality possible

biological factors of eating disorders

genetic diathesis for eating disorders, dysfunctional brain circuits seen in those with anxiety and depression also found in those with eating disorders.

societal factors of eating disorders

eating disorders are more common in western societies and western standards of female attractiveness contribute to higher eating disorder rates.

family environment factors of eating disorders

family emphasis on thinness, physical appearance, and dieting
enmeshed family pattern often leads to eating disorders

multicultural factors of eating disorders

young women of color in the united states are more likely to engage in disordered eating behaviors

immediate goals of anorexia treatment

regain lost weight
recover from effects of malnourishment
begin to eat normally again

nutritional rehabilitation

combination of supportive nursing care, nutritional counseling and a high calorie diet or establishing good eating habits/preventing binge/purging

CBT treatment for anorexia

challenge core beliefs that they should be judged by shape/weight,
self monitoring or moods, hunger levels, and food intake
coping strategies and problem solving

nutritional rehabilitation is used to treat

both anorexia and bulimia

antidepressant medications are helpful in treating which eating disorder

bulimia nervosa

CBT treatment for bulimia

exposure and response prevention
eat food and prevent compensatory behavior

treatment for binge-eating disorder

similar to treatment for bulimia but psychotherapy seems the most effective

benzodiazepines and barbiturates are a

depressant

depressants

slow the activity of the CNS and increase GABA activity

opioids are a

depressant

Korsakoff's syndrome

extreme confusion, memory problems, and other neurological symptoms due to alcohol

opioids method of action

depress CNS activity and mimic the effects of endorphins (natural painkillers)

cocaine is a

stimulant

amphetamines are a

stimulant

LSD is a

hallucinogen

MDMA is a

hallucinogen

sedative-hypnotic dugs are dangerous when combined with

alcohol

narcotics are

a class of opioids

the most highly addictive drugs are

opioids

caffeine is a

stimulant

nicotine is a

stimulant

cocaine

increases dopamine

cocaine use leads to

increased risk of OD, seizures and heart irregularities

amphetamines

increase dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine

amphetamines use leads to

serious negative physical, mental, and social consequences

LSD triggers

powerful changes in sensations and perceptions

MDMA triggers

improved mood, energy and sense of connectedness with others,
dopamine release

LSD and MDMA trigger

changes in serotonin

cannabis is a

stimulant, depressant, and hallucinogen

hashish has a

higher concentration of THC

marijuana today is

7x more potent than in the 70s

polysubstance use can result in

synergistic effects > severe intoxication, coma or death

psychodynamic view of substance use disorder

dependency rooted in childhood
people turn to substance use to compensate for comfort and nurturing that was missing during their early years

sociocultural views of substance use disorder

socioeconomic stressors and discrimination can trigger substance use, valuing and accepting substance use is another risk factor

cognitive-behavioral view of substance use disorder

substance use is negative reinforcement and positive reinforcement
expectancies drive substance use
observational learning and classical conditioning

biological views of substance use disorder

genetic diathesis present
decreased neurotransmitter production after drug use
reward circuit plays a role in developing substance use disorders
DOPAMINE is key

developmental psychopathology view of substance use disorder

different temperaments may trigger and interact with different developmental factors to bring about substance use disorders

aversion therapy for substance use disorder

based on classical conditioning
unpleasant stimuli paired with undesirable behavior

contingency management for substance use disorder

based on operant conditioning
rewards are offered for abstaining from the use of substances