The entire anatomy course in flashcards 💀

title

Integumentary System

Composed of: cutaneous layer (epidermis, dermis), hair follicles, sweat glands, sensory receptors, and subcutaneous layer.

Function: Protects against environmental hazards, helps control body temperature.

Skeletal System

Composed of: Bones, cartilage, ligaments, and bone marrow.

Sectioned into: Axial and Appendicular skeleton.

Function: Supports body in staying upright, protects tissues, stores minerals, and forms blood cells.

Muscular System

Composed of: Skeletal muscles (axial and appendicular), tendons, and aponeuroses

Function: Generates locomotion, provides support, produces heat

Nervous System

Composed of: Nervous tissue

Sectioned into: Central nervous system (brain, spinal cord, special senses), Peripheral nervous system.

Function: Directs responses to stimuli by coordinating organ systems.

Endocrine system

Composed of: Glands (Pineal, Thyroid, Pituitary, Parathyroid, Adrenal), Thymus, Kidneys, Pancreas, Gonads (testes in males, ovaries in females).

Function: Directs long-term changes in other organ systems, influences digestion and behavior, aids in reproduction.

Cardiovascular system

Composed of: Heart, arteries, veins, capillary plexuses, blood.

Function: Transports cells, dissolved gases, nutrients, and waste through the body.

Lymphatic system

Composed of: Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus.

Function: Defends against infection and pathogens, returns tissue fluid to bloodstream.

Respiratory system

Composed of: Lungs, nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi.

Function: Delivers air to sites where gas exchange can occur (i.e. fixes oxygen from air), produces sound.

Digestive system

Composed of: Mouth, teeth, esophagus, pharynx, salivary glands, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas.

Function: Processes food and absorbs nutrients.

Urinary system

Composed of: Kidneys, ureters, urethra, urinary bladder.

Function: Reabsorbs water and nutrients, filters blood, eliminates waste, excess water and salts from the body.

Male reproductive system

Composed of: Testes, penis, scrotum, accessory organs (epididymis, ductus (vas) deferens, seminal glands, prostate, urethra).

Function: Produces sex cells and hormones.

Female reproductive system

Composed of: Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, labia, mammary glands.

Function: Produces sex cells and hormones, supports embryonic development from fertilization to birth, produces food for infants.

Frons (frontal) region

Forehead

Oculus (ocular) region

Eye

Nasus (nasal) region

Nose

Auris (otic) region

Ear

Bucca (buccal) region

Cheek

Cervicis (cervical) region

Neck

Thoracis (thoracic) region

Thorax or chest

Mamma (mammary) region

Breast

Umbilicus (umbilical) region

Navel

Manus (manual) region

Hand

Inguen (inguinal) region

Groin

Femur (femoral) region

Thigh

Crus (crural) region

Shin

Tarsus (tarsal) region

Ankle

Digits (digital) region

Fingers and toes

Cranium (cranial) region

Skull

Facies (facial) region

Face

Cephalon (cephalic) region

Head

Oris (oral) region

Mouth

Mentis (mental) region

Chin

Axilla (axillary) region

Armpit

Brachium (brachial) region

Arm

Antecuvitis (antecubital) region

Inside of elbow

Antebrachium (antebrachial) region

Forearm

Carpus (carpal) region

Wrist

Palma (palmar) region

Palm

Pollex

Thumb

Pes (pedal) region

Foot

Hallux

Big toe

Acromial region

Shoulder

Dorsum (dorsal) region

Back

Olecranon (olecranal) region

Back of elbow

Lumbus (lumba) region

Lower back

Gluteus (gluteal) region

Buttock

Popliteus (popliteal) region

Back of knee

Sura (sural) region

Calf

Calcaneus (calcaneal) region

Heel of foot

Planta (plantar) region

Bottom of foot

Proximal

Toward an attached base - for appendicular skeleton

Distal

Away from attached base - for appendicular skeleton

Cranial or Cephalic

Toward the head

Caudal

Toward the tail or coccyx

Posterior or Dorsal

Toward or on the back

Anterior or Ventral

Toward or on the front

Superior

Above

Inferior

Below

Superficial

Toward the surface of the body

Deep

Toward the interior of the body

Lateral

Toward the side of the body

Medial

Toward in middle of the body

Frontal plane

Plane of the body that separates the front and back portions

Sagittal plane

Plane of the body that separates the left and right portions

Transverse plane

Plane of the body that separates the top and bottom portions

Thoracic cavity

Superior body cavity surrounded by chest wall and diaphragm.

Contains the pleural and mediastinum cavities.

Separated from abdominopelvic cavity by the diaphragm.

Left and right pleural cavities

Surrounds their respective lung.

Mediastinum

Thoracic cavity that contains the trachea, esophagus, major vessels, and pericardial cavity.

Pericardial cavity

Surrounds the heart

Abdominopelvic cavity

Contains the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity. Separated from the thoracic cavity by the diaphragm.

Abdominal cavity

Contains most digestive glands and organs

Pelvic cavity

Contains the urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and last portions of the digestive tract

Cytosolic fluid

Function: fluid component of cytoplasm

Function: distributes materials by diffusion, stores nutrients

Mitochondria

Function: produces adenosine triphosphate for the cell

Ribosomes

Function: Aids in synthesizing proteins

Located: attached to endoplasmic reticulum or floating in cytoplasm

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Function: Synthesizes protein

Has ribosomes attached

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Function: Synthesizes carbohydrates, lipids, and other materials

Golgi apparatus

Function: Receives and packages things coming in and out of the cell

Types of Tissue

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous

Epithelial Tissue

Composed of: Simple and stratified layering, squamous, cuboidal, columnar, and transitional shaping

Function: Covers exposed surfaces of internal passageways and external surface of the body, produces glandular secretions.

Simple squamous epithelium

Composed of: A single layer of round, flat (fried egg shaped) epithelial cells

Function: Allows for diffusion of gases and nutrients, reduces friction.

Located: Alveoli of the lungs, serous membranes of thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities, and interior surfaces of the circulatory system.

Mesothelium

Composed of: Simple squamous epithelium

Function: Reduces friction between organs and cavity wall

Located: Lining of thoracic cavity and peritoneum of abdominal cavity.

Endothelium

Composed of: Simple squamous epithelium

Function: Reduces friction of circulatory system

Located: Lining of heart and blood vessels.

Stratified squamous epithelium

Composed of: Multiple layers of flat, round (fried egg shaped) epithelial cells. Can be keratinized or non-keratinized.

Function: Protection against physical abrasion, pathogens, and chemicals

Located:

• Keratinized: Surface of skin, hair shafts

• Non-keratinized: Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, rectum, anus, vagina

Basal Lamina

Composed of: Proteins and microfilaments secreted by epithelial cells

Function: Serves as attachment point for epithelial cells

Located: In contact with the basal surface of epithelial cells, superficial to the reticular lamina

Reticular lamina

Composed of: Proteins and microfilaments secreted by connective tissue close to the apical surfaces of the body

Function: Serves as an attachment point for the basal lamina of the epithelium

Located: In contact with the connective tissue of the epithelium, deep to the basal lamina

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Composed of: A single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells

Function: Provides limited protection and allows for secretion and absorption

Located: Glands, ducts, portions of kidney tubules, and thyroid gland.

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Composed of: Multiple layers of cuboidal epithelial cells

Function: Protection, secretion, and absorption

Located: Lining of some ducts

Simple columnar epithelium

Composed of: A single layer of long, rectangular-shaped epithelial cells

Function: Some protection, secretion, absorption.

Located: Lining of stomach, intestinal tract, uterine tubes, and excretory ducts.

Stratified columnar epithelium

Composed of: Multiple layers of long, rectangular-shaped epithelial cells

Function: Protection, secretion, absorption

Located: Pharynx, urethra, anus, some large excretory ducts.

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Composed of: A single, very tightly packed layer of long, rectangular-shaped epithelial cells

Function: Protection, secretion, sensation

Located: Lining of nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, portions of male reproductive tract

Transitional epthelium

Composed of: Stretchy, rounded epithelial cells

Function: Allows for expansion and recoil without damage, protection

Located: Urinary bladder, renal pelvis, ureters

Eccrine (merocrine) secretion

Method of secretion where the secretory products is discharged through exocytosis.

Apocrine secretion

Method of secretion where the apical portion of the cell is sheared off and released along with secretory vesicles.

Holocrine secretion

Method of secretion where the apical cells are filled with secretory products and then burst, releasing the secretion.

Simple tubular gland

Shape: Simple U-shape

Located: Intestinal glands

Type of secretion: Eccrine (merocrine)

Simple coiled tubular gland

Shape: Coiled, snail-like shape

Located: Integumentary system (sweat glands)

Type of secretion: Eccrine (merocrine)

Simple branched tubular gland

Shape: Prongs of ducts branching into the epithelium

Located: Gastric glands. mucous glands of esophagus, tongue, and duodenum

Type of secretion: Eccrine (merocrine)

Simple branched alveolar gland

Shape: Prongs of ducts with bulbous ends branching into epithelium

Located: Integumentary system (sebaceous glands)

Type of secretion: Holocrine

Compound tubular gland

Shape: Many branches resembling a tree branching into epithelium

Located: Oral mucous glands, bulbourethral glands (male reproductive system), seminiferous tubules

Type of secretion: Eccrine (merocrine)