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Integumentary System
Composed of: cutaneous layer (epidermis, dermis), hair follicles, sweat glands, sensory receptors, and subcutaneous layer.
Function: Protects against environmental hazards, helps control body temperature.
Skeletal System
Composed of: Bones, cartilage, ligaments, and bone marrow.
Sectioned into: Axial and Appendicular skeleton.
Function: Supports body in staying upright, protects tissues, stores minerals, and forms blood cells.
Muscular System
Composed of: Skeletal muscles (axial and appendicular), tendons, and aponeuroses
Function: Generates locomotion, provides support, produces heat
Nervous System
Composed of: Nervous tissue
Sectioned into: Central nervous system (brain, spinal cord, special senses), Peripheral nervous system.
Function: Directs responses to stimuli by coordinating organ systems.
Endocrine system
Composed of: Glands (Pineal, Thyroid, Pituitary, Parathyroid, Adrenal), Thymus, Kidneys, Pancreas, Gonads (testes in males, ovaries in females).
Function: Directs long-term changes in other organ systems, influences digestion and behavior, aids in reproduction.
Cardiovascular system
Composed of: Heart, arteries, veins, capillary plexuses, blood.
Function: Transports cells, dissolved gases, nutrients, and waste through the body.
Lymphatic system
Composed of: Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus.
Function: Defends against infection and pathogens, returns tissue fluid to bloodstream.
Respiratory system
Composed of: Lungs, nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi.
Function: Delivers air to sites where gas exchange can occur (i.e. fixes oxygen from air), produces sound.
Digestive system
Composed of: Mouth, teeth, esophagus, pharynx, salivary glands, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas.
Function: Processes food and absorbs nutrients.
Urinary system
Composed of: Kidneys, ureters, urethra, urinary bladder.
Function: Reabsorbs water and nutrients, filters blood, eliminates waste, excess water and salts from the body.
Male reproductive system
Composed of: Testes, penis, scrotum, accessory organs (epididymis, ductus (vas) deferens, seminal glands, prostate, urethra).
Function: Produces sex cells and hormones.
Female reproductive system
Composed of: Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, labia, mammary glands.
Function: Produces sex cells and hormones, supports embryonic development from fertilization to birth, produces food for infants.
Frons (frontal) region
Forehead
Oculus (ocular) region
Eye
Nasus (nasal) region
Nose
Auris (otic) region
Ear
Bucca (buccal) region
Cheek
Cervicis (cervical) region
Neck
Thoracis (thoracic) region
Thorax or chest
Mamma (mammary) region
Breast
Umbilicus (umbilical) region
Navel
Manus (manual) region
Hand
Inguen (inguinal) region
Groin
Femur (femoral) region
Thigh
Crus (crural) region
Shin
Tarsus (tarsal) region
Ankle
Digits (digital) region
Fingers and toes
Cranium (cranial) region
Skull
Facies (facial) region
Face
Cephalon (cephalic) region
Head
Oris (oral) region
Mouth
Mentis (mental) region
Chin
Axilla (axillary) region
Armpit
Brachium (brachial) region
Arm
Antecuvitis (antecubital) region
Inside of elbow
Antebrachium (antebrachial) region
Forearm
Carpus (carpal) region
Wrist
Palma (palmar) region
Palm
Pollex
Thumb
Pes (pedal) region
Foot
Hallux
Big toe
Acromial region
Shoulder
Dorsum (dorsal) region
Back
Olecranon (olecranal) region
Back of elbow
Lumbus (lumba) region
Lower back
Gluteus (gluteal) region
Buttock
Popliteus (popliteal) region
Back of knee
Sura (sural) region
Calf
Calcaneus (calcaneal) region
Heel of foot
Planta (plantar) region
Bottom of foot
Proximal
Toward an attached base - for appendicular skeleton
Distal
Away from attached base - for appendicular skeleton
Cranial or Cephalic
Toward the head
Caudal
Toward the tail or coccyx
Posterior or Dorsal
Toward or on the back
Anterior or Ventral
Toward or on the front
Superior
Above
Inferior
Below
Superficial
Toward the surface of the body
Deep
Toward the interior of the body
Lateral
Toward the side of the body
Medial
Toward in middle of the body
Frontal plane
Plane of the body that separates the front and back portions
Sagittal plane
Plane of the body that separates the left and right portions
Transverse plane
Plane of the body that separates the top and bottom portions
Thoracic cavity
Superior body cavity surrounded by chest wall and diaphragm.
Contains the pleural and mediastinum cavities.
Separated from abdominopelvic cavity by the diaphragm.
Left and right pleural cavities
Surrounds their respective lung.
Mediastinum
Thoracic cavity that contains the trachea, esophagus, major vessels, and pericardial cavity.
Pericardial cavity
Surrounds the heart
Abdominopelvic cavity
Contains the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity. Separated from the thoracic cavity by the diaphragm.
Abdominal cavity
Contains most digestive glands and organs
Pelvic cavity
Contains the urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and last portions of the digestive tract
Cytosolic fluid
Function: fluid component of cytoplasm
Function: distributes materials by diffusion, stores nutrients
Mitochondria
Function: produces adenosine triphosphate for the cell
Ribosomes
Function: Aids in synthesizing proteins
Located: attached to endoplasmic reticulum or floating in cytoplasm
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Function: Synthesizes protein
Has ribosomes attached
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Function: Synthesizes carbohydrates, lipids, and other materials
Golgi apparatus
Function: Receives and packages things coming in and out of the cell
Types of Tissue
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous
Epithelial Tissue
Composed of: Simple and stratified layering, squamous, cuboidal, columnar, and transitional shaping
Function: Covers exposed surfaces of internal passageways and external surface of the body, produces glandular secretions.
Simple squamous epithelium
Composed of: A single layer of round, flat (fried egg shaped) epithelial cells
Function: Allows for diffusion of gases and nutrients, reduces friction.
Located: Alveoli of the lungs, serous membranes of thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities, and interior surfaces of the circulatory system.
Mesothelium
Composed of: Simple squamous epithelium
Function: Reduces friction between organs and cavity wall
Located: Lining of thoracic cavity and peritoneum of abdominal cavity.
Endothelium
Composed of: Simple squamous epithelium
Function: Reduces friction of circulatory system
Located: Lining of heart and blood vessels.
Stratified squamous epithelium
Composed of: Multiple layers of flat, round (fried egg shaped) epithelial cells. Can be keratinized or non-keratinized.
Function: Protection against physical abrasion, pathogens, and chemicals
Located:
Keratinized: Surface of skin, hair shafts
Non-keratinized: Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, rectum, anus, vagina
Basal Lamina
Composed of: Proteins and microfilaments secreted by epithelial cells
Function: Serves as attachment point for epithelial cells
Located: In contact with the basal surface of epithelial cells, superficial to the reticular lamina
Reticular lamina
Composed of: Proteins and microfilaments secreted by connective tissue close to the apical surfaces of the body
Function: Serves as an attachment point for the basal lamina of the epithelium
Located: In contact with the connective tissue of the epithelium, deep to the basal lamina
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Composed of: A single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells
Function: Provides limited protection and allows for secretion and absorption
Located: Glands, ducts, portions of kidney tubules, and thyroid gland.
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
Composed of: Multiple layers of cuboidal epithelial cells
Function: Protection, secretion, and absorption
Located: Lining of some ducts
Simple columnar epithelium
Composed of: A single layer of long, rectangular-shaped epithelial cells
Function: Some protection, secretion, absorption.
Located: Lining of stomach, intestinal tract, uterine tubes, and excretory ducts.
Stratified columnar epithelium
Composed of: Multiple layers of long, rectangular-shaped epithelial cells
Function: Protection, secretion, absorption
Located: Pharynx, urethra, anus, some large excretory ducts.
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Composed of: A single, very tightly packed layer of long, rectangular-shaped epithelial cells
Function: Protection, secretion, sensation
Located: Lining of nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, portions of male reproductive tract
Transitional epthelium
Composed of: Stretchy, rounded epithelial cells
Function: Allows for expansion and recoil without damage, protection
Located: Urinary bladder, renal pelvis, ureters
Eccrine (merocrine) secretion
Method of secretion where the secretory products is discharged through exocytosis.
Apocrine secretion
Method of secretion where the apical portion of the cell is sheared off and released along with secretory vesicles.
Holocrine secretion
Method of secretion where the apical cells are filled with secretory products and then burst, releasing the secretion.
Simple tubular gland
Shape: Simple U-shape
Located: Intestinal glands
Type of secretion: Eccrine (merocrine)
Simple coiled tubular gland
Shape: Coiled, snail-like shape
Located: Integumentary system (sweat glands)
Type of secretion: Eccrine (merocrine)
Simple branched tubular gland
Shape: Prongs of ducts branching into the epithelium
Located: Gastric glands. mucous glands of esophagus, tongue, and duodenum
Type of secretion: Eccrine (merocrine)
Simple branched alveolar gland
Shape: Prongs of ducts with bulbous ends branching into epithelium
Located: Integumentary system (sebaceous glands)
Type of secretion: Holocrine
Compound tubular gland
Shape: Many branches resembling a tree branching into epithelium
Located: Oral mucous glands, bulbourethral glands (male reproductive system), seminiferous tubules
Type of secretion: Eccrine (merocrine)
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