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We are focused on Human Beingings in Epi so this is a human perspective
What are the 3 types of Prevention?
Primary
Seconddary
Tertiary
What’s Primary prevention?
You don’t have Health Status and are just doing things to prevent it.
What’s Secondary prevention?
You already have the Health status, you just don’t know & are checking(screening) for it.
What’s Tertiary prevention?
You have the health status, you know & now you much make it manageable to prevent worsening symptoms.
Why was Mr.Semmelweis important for prevention & early epi?
he discovered why more women were dying at doctor clinic vs. midwife clinic
it was because dr. weren’t cleaning their instruments/hands before helping with child birth
Mr.Semmelwies used Chorline to clean & deaths went down.
Drs didn’t like they it seemed if was their fault & didn’t clean their stuff.
Mr.Semmelwis wasn’t taken seriously & faded from the profession
What is the chain of infection (6 steps)
Agents → Reservoir → Portal of exit → mode of transmission → Portal of entry → host.
What’s an Agent? & Examples?
Disease causing organisms
virus
bacteria
fungi
protons
What is the Reservoir? & examples?
Location where the agent normally lives, grows & multiple
Human
Animal
Environment (water, soil, objects & ext.)
What is the Portal of exit? & Examples?
Place or location where agent leaves host to begin to spread to next host
eyes
nose
mouth
cut
Exc.
What is the Mode of transmission? & Examples? (Direct VS. Indirect)
The types of ways of how the agent will spread (transport) its self.
Direct(person 2 person) & Indirect (Vehicle borne)
Droplet
Droplet nuclei (always indirect & airborne)
Airborne
What is the Portal of Entry? & Examples?
Location where the agent get into the new host
eyes
nose
mouth
cut
Exc.
What’s the host & Examples?
In Epi —> ppl
Person (just in epic & this class)
Droplets VS. Droplet Nuclei?
Big molecules VS. Very small (airborne) go further in air.
What are the ways Epi is used in daily life?
population & community surveillance
personal decisions
completing the clinical picture
search for the causes of dieases/condtions
help ppl understand the pattern of community health problems
What is the Prevention Paradox?
is when the general population is more at risk even if the highest risk population to a disease is also at risk.
EX:
Students are much more at risk to illnesses than older people living at senior center even though the older people would likely get much sicker if they got sick.
Why do we focus on a population approach?
easier to get everyone to do it & less invasive.
What was Dr.Hendersons’s cotribution to smallpox?
led the efforts to eradicate small box, it’s the only ideas we’ve been successful at eradicating because it’s the only human only mammal pox we have.
Why is smallpox the only successfully eradicated disease?
easy to identify
humans are the only mammals that can get smallpox
we have a vaccine
What were Mr.Jenner’s contributions to smallpox?
took a boy to experiment on for smallpox
let him get cowpox & let him go.
boy got sick but then after being exposed for a 2nd time the boy didn’t get sick.
(VERY UNETHICAL OF MR.JENNER…shame on him)
What were Mr.Snow’s contributions to Cholera?
discovered is was a waterborne disease even though people thought it poisoned the air.
What is the gatekeeper in PH?
the person you will have to work with in order to get the community’s trust/response to you, so that you can help.
What are the stages of infectious diseases (AKA Spectrum of Disease Progression?)?
Exposure → Colonization → infection → Disease
What is Exposure in the Spectrum of Disease Progression?
the time in which you meet with the agent
What is Colonization in the Spectrum of Disease Progression?
the agent has stayed with you however, no symptoms or damage have occurred.
What is Infection in the Spectrum of Disease Progression?
when the agent effects immune system, causes damage & leaves a trace in the body (via blood work/antibodies) but this doesn’t mean that you will develop observable symptoms
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