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16 Terms
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New Monarchs
Consolidated power and created the foundation for
Europe's first modern nation-states in France, England
and Spain. Charles VII, Louis XI, Henry VII, and Ferdinand and Isabella.
Europe's first modern nation-states in France, England
and Spain. Charles VII, Louis XI, Henry VII, and Ferdinand and Isabella.
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Valois dynasty
(Catholic) the ruling family in France; fought the Habsburgs (of Spain) for control of the Italian Peninsula
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Louis XI ("Spider King")
Created a large royal army
Dealt ruthlessly with nobles, individually, and
within the Estates General
Increased taxes
Exerted power over the clergy
Actively encouraged economic growth
o Promoted new industries such as silk
weaving
o Encouraged foreign merchants and
craftsmen to immigrate to France
o Entered into commercial treaties with
England, Portugal and the Hanseatic League
Dealt ruthlessly with nobles, individually, and
within the Estates General
Increased taxes
Exerted power over the clergy
Actively encouraged economic growth
o Promoted new industries such as silk
weaving
o Encouraged foreign merchants and
craftsmen to immigrate to France
o Entered into commercial treaties with
England, Portugal and the Hanseatic League
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Francis I
concordat of bologna and taille
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concordat of bologna
(1516) king of France now had power to appoint bishops to French Church-major blow to papal influence in France
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taille
tax on property and land, provided permanent income for French royal government to build up an army
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War of the Roses
(between 1455-1477) Two noble families, the House of York and the House of Lancaster fought a civil war to gain the crown. Yorkists were victorious and gave rise to the
Tudor dynasty (which would rule England until
1603).
Tudor dynasty (which would rule England until
1603).
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Henry VII
Reduced the influence of the nobility, in part,
through the Star Chamber (secret trials)
Nobles were tried without a jury, could not
confront witnesses, and were often tortured
b. Nobles were not allowed to have private armies
with their own insignias
c. However, the English parliament continued to gain
power in its struggle with the crown.
Standard governmental procedures of law and
taxation were developed.
Thus, the Tudors did not have the power over
taxation that the Valois' enjoyed in France
through the Star Chamber (secret trials)
Nobles were tried without a jury, could not
confront witnesses, and were often tortured
b. Nobles were not allowed to have private armies
with their own insignias
c. However, the English parliament continued to gain
power in its struggle with the crown.
Standard governmental procedures of law and
taxation were developed.
Thus, the Tudors did not have the power over
taxation that the Valois' enjoyed in France
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Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon (r. 1478-1516) &
Isabella of Castile (r. 1474-1504):
Isabella of Castile (r. 1474-1504):
unified Spain, reconquista, spanish inquisition,
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Reconquista
1492 Goal was to remove the last of the Moors and the
Jews and Christianize Spain
Last Muslim stronghold of Grenada surrendered
b. Loss of Jews and Moors resulted in a significant
decline in the Spanish middle-class
Between 30,000 to 60,000 Jews expelled
Jews and Christianize Spain
Last Muslim stronghold of Grenada surrendered
b. Loss of Jews and Moors resulted in a significant
decline in the Spanish middle-class
Between 30,000 to 60,000 Jews expelled
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hermandades
alliances of cities to oppose nobles
Helped bring cities in line with royal authority
Helped bring cities in line with royal authority
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Spanish Inquisition
: (conceived by Isabella)
a. Monarchy enforced the authority of the national
(Catholic) church
b. Tomás de Torquemada, a Dominican monk,
oversaw the Inquisition.
c. The Inquisition targeted conversos: Jews who
had converted to Christianity but were now
suspected of backsliding into Judaism
Thus began a wave of anti-Semitism in certain
parts of Europe
In Portugal, 4,000 Jews who refused to leave
were massacred in 1506.
Germany began systematically persecuting
Jews in 1509.Cardinal Ximenes by 1500 had succeeded in
getting rid of the abuses and opposition to reform
in the Church (something that did not happen in
most other countries).
Thus, Spain, like France, did not turn
Protestant during the Reformation.
a. Monarchy enforced the authority of the national
(Catholic) church
b. Tomás de Torquemada, a Dominican monk,
oversaw the Inquisition.
c. The Inquisition targeted conversos: Jews who
had converted to Christianity but were now
suspected of backsliding into Judaism
Thus began a wave of anti-Semitism in certain
parts of Europe
In Portugal, 4,000 Jews who refused to leave
were massacred in 1506.
Germany began systematically persecuting
Jews in 1509.Cardinal Ximenes by 1500 had succeeded in
getting rid of the abuses and opposition to reform
in the Church (something that did not happen in
most other countries).
Thus, Spain, like France, did not turn
Protestant during the Reformation.
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hapsburg
Perhaps the greatest royal family of modern European history, the Hapsburg dynasty once controlled Spain, Austria, the Netherlands, and the Holy Roman Empire under one man. 1400-1900
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The Holy Roman Empire
300
semi-autonomous German states.
a. Each state had its own foreign policy and wars
sometimes occurred between states.
b. The center of Hapsburg power was in Austria and
other hereditary states nearby.
2. The HRE was NOT a "New Monarchy"
a. The emperor did not have centralized control,
could not levy taxes or raise armies outside of his
own hereditary lands (largely around Austria)
b. Hapsburg kings were never able to gain control of
the numerous German states, duchies and
principalities in the Holy Roman Empire that had
enjoyed their own independence.
semi-autonomous German states.
a. Each state had its own foreign policy and wars
sometimes occurred between states.
b. The center of Hapsburg power was in Austria and
other hereditary states nearby.
2. The HRE was NOT a "New Monarchy"
a. The emperor did not have centralized control,
could not levy taxes or raise armies outside of his
own hereditary lands (largely around Austria)
b. Hapsburg kings were never able to gain control of
the numerous German states, duchies and
principalities in the Holy Roman Empire that had
enjoyed their own independence.
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Maximilian I
The Holy Roman Emperor that attempted to centralize the administration by creating new institutions common to the entire empire, but he was successful in marriage alliances.
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Charles V
most powerful ruler in Europe in the 16th century
a. As Holy Roman Emperor, he controlled the
Austrian Hapsburg lands while he ruled the
Spanish Empire at the height of its power.
b. His armies sacked Rome in 1527 that symbolically
ended the Renaissance in Italy
c. Hapsburg-Valois Wars (c. 1519-1559): HRE was
locked in a dynastic struggle with Francis I for
control of Burgundy and territories in Italy.
d. Charles V sought to prevent spread of Protestant
Reformation in Germany throughout his reign.
a. As Holy Roman Emperor, he controlled the
Austrian Hapsburg lands while he ruled the
Spanish Empire at the height of its power.
b. His armies sacked Rome in 1527 that symbolically
ended the Renaissance in Italy
c. Hapsburg-Valois Wars (c. 1519-1559): HRE was
locked in a dynastic struggle with Francis I for
control of Burgundy and territories in Italy.
d. Charles V sought to prevent spread of Protestant
Reformation in Germany throughout his reign.