APUSH - Vocab Finals Sem 1

Maize

First crop to be domesticated. Led to permanent cities and social classes in Native American Societies

The Pueblo

Native American tribe in the southwestern portion America who had permanent settled cities with irrigation systems.

The Sioux

Native American tribe in the Great Plains portion of America and because of the lack of resources, they followed Buffalo herds and developed a nomadic lifestyle

Gold, God, Glory

describe the motives generating the overseas exploration, expansion, and conquests.

Scientific Advances

Improvement to navigation such as compass, map making, astrolabe, faster ships, etc.

Encomienda System

Spanish government's policy to give Indians and land to certain colonists in return for the promise to Christianize them. Part of a broader Spanish effort to subdue Indian tribes in the West Indies and on the North American mainland.

The Columbian Exchange

The transfer of goods, crops, and diseases between New and Old World societies after 1492. Largely improved the European countries with an increase of population due to the potato, but devastated the American population with diseases like small pox

reasons for African slavery

owners of farms of sugar can needed people to work on their farms

Smallpox

Part of the Columbian Exchange and was to the Americas from Europe which reduced the Native population by up to 90% do to lack of immunity

Bartolome de Las Casas

Reform-minded Spanish missionary who wrote the book, A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies, which helped expose the negative treatment of the Indians.

Pueblo Revolt

Pueblo Indian rebellion that drove Spanish settlers from New Mexico.

Jamestown

First permanent English settlement in North America founded by the Virginia Company

Headright System

Employed in the tobacco colonies to encourage the importation of indentured servants, the system allowed an individual to acquire fifty acres of land if he paid for a laborer's passage to the colony. Allowed tribes like the Sioux to develop a warrior culture due to their ability move quickly

House of Burgesses

Representative parliamentary assembly created to govern Virginia, establishing a precedent for government in the English colonies.

Mayflower Compact

Agreement to form a majoritarian government in Plymouth, signed aboard the Mayflower which created the foundation of self-government in New England

Great Puritan Migration

Wave of Puritan settlers to Massachusetts Bay during the decade of 1630-40.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Established by non-separating Puritans, it soon grew to be the largest and most influential of the New England colonies.

Bacon's Rebellion

Uprising of Virginia backcountry farmers and indentured servants; led planters to turn away from indentured servitude and increase African slavery.

King Phillip's War

Series of assaults by Metacom, King Philip, on English settlements in New England. Conflict over Puritan expansion and the attacks slowed the westward migration of New England settlers for several decades.

Mercantilism

Economic theory that closely linked a nation's political and military power to its gold reserves. Mercantilists generally favored protectionism and colonial acquisition as means to increase exports.

Triangular Trade

Exchange of rum, slaves, and molasses between the North American colonies, Africa, and the West Indies. A small but immensely profitable subset of the Atlantic trade.

Middle passage

Transatlantic voyage slaves endured between Africa and the colonies. Mortality rates were notoriously high.

Enlightenment

18th-century European intellectual movement that attempted to discover the natural laws governing science and society in addition to the belief in individual natural rights.

First Great Awakening

Religious revival that swept the colonies. Participating ministers, most notably Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield, placed an emphasis on direct, emotive spirituality.

differences between NE and Chesapeake

New England is permanently established and the Chesapeake region is not completely established

George Whitefield

Itinerant English preacher whose rousing sermons throughout the American colonies caused the First Great Awakening and split New England between "old lights" and "new lights"

Seven Years' War

Nine-year war between the British and the French in North America. It resulted in the expulsion of the French from the North American mainland and helped spark the Seven Years' War in Europe.

End of Salutary Neglect

After the passage of the Proclamation of 1763 Britain attempts to become more involved in American affairs in order to recoup debt created by the Seven Year's War

Stamp Act

Widely unpopular tax on an array of paper goods, repealed in 1766 after mass protests erupted across the colonies. Colonists developed the principle of "no taxation without representation" that questioned Parliament's authority over the colonies and laid the foundation for future revolutionary claims.

Sons of Liberty

Patriotic groups that played a central role in agitating against the Stamp Act and enforcing non-importation agreements.

Boston Massacre

Clash between unruly Bostonian protestors and locally stationed British redcoats, who fired on the jeering crowd, killing or wounding eleven citizens. Used as propaganda to further cause the American Revolution.

Intolerable Acts

Series of punitive measures passed in retaliation for the Boston Tea Party, closing the Port of Boston, revoking a number of rights in the Massachusetts colonial charter. In response, colonists convened the First Continental Congress and called for a complete boycott of British goods.

2nd Continental Congress

Representative body of delegates from all thirteen colonies. Drafted the Declaration of Independence and managed the colonial war effort.

Common Sense

Thomas Paine's pamphlet urging the colonies to declare independence and establish a republican government. The widely read pamphlet helped convince colonists to support the Revolution.

Declaration of Independence

Formal pronouncement of independence drafted by Thomas Jefferson and approved by Congress. The declaration allowed Americans to appeal for foreign aid and served as an inspiration for later revolutionary movements worldwide.

Saratoga

Decisive colonial victory in upstate New York, which helped secure French support for the Revolutionary cause.

Articles of Confederation

First American constitution that established the United States as a loose confederation of states under a weak national Congress, which was not granted the power to regulate commerce or collect taxes.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Created a policy for administering the Northwest Territories. It included a path to statehood and forbade the expansion of slavery into the territories.

Republican Motherhood

Ideal of family organization and female behavior after the American Revolution that stressed the role of women in guiding family members toward republican virtue. This was a significant change in the role of women in the home.

Shay's Rebellion

An armed uprising in Western Massachusetts and Worcester in response to a debt crisis among the citizenry, leads to many to call for a new constitution

The Great Compromise

plan drafted in which one house of Congress would be based on population and the other would be based on equality between states

Hamilton's Financial Plan

A plan to repay federal and state debts in the late 18th century by assumption of state debt, funding at par, and raising tariffs

French Revolution

Inspired by the American Revolution and polarized American politics between those who support or oppose the extent to which this revolution went

Jay Treaty

A 1794 treaty designed to ease tensions between the US and Britain - this leads to the permanence of political parties

Democratic Republicans

One of the first political parties that supported limited government and the values of the yeoman farmer. The party of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.

Federalist (political party)

One of the first political parties who supported a strong national state and commercial interests. The party of Alexander Hamilton.

Washington's Farewell Address

George Washington's address at the end of his presidency, warning against "permanent alliances" with other nations and political parties

XYZ Affair

Diplomatic conflict between France and the United States when American envoys to France were asked to pay a hefty bribe for the privilege of meeting with the French foreign minister. Many in the United States called for war against France.

Aliens and Seditions Act

Gave the president the power to expel immigrants and imprison anyone that makes false, scandalous, and malicious statements about the government

Market Revolution

Eighteenth- and nineteenth-century transformation from a disaggregated, subsistence economy to a national commercial and industrial network.

Cotton Gin

machine created by Eli Whitney which easily separated cotton fibers from seeds. Led to increased dependence on slavery in the South.

Factory System

a method of manufacturing using machinery and the division of labor which was a significant cause of the Market Revolution

Cult of Domesticity

Pervasive nineteenth-century cultural creed that venerated the domestic role of women. It gave married women greater authority to shape home life but limited opportunities outside the domestic sphere.

Old Immigration

a wave of immigration between the years 1840-1860 from Ireland, Germany, and England

Nativism

a movement that believes immigration should be greatly limited or banned altogether because immigrants hurt the economy and social well-being of America.

2nd Great Awakening

Religious revival that began at the beginning of the 19th century which led to the creation of new religions and a movement of perfectionism in the United States

Utopian Movements

An attempt to perfect society by creating small societies to live in an ideal way.

Antebellum Reforms

The early 19th century era that called to perfect society by addressing temperance, abolitionism, education in order to perfect society

American Temperance Society

a voluntary aid society that developed before the Civil War that wanted to limit the use of alcohol

Seneca Falls Convention

The location of the first women's rights convention where the participants listed their demands in the Declaration of Sentiments

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Abolitionist and woman suffragist, Stanton organized the first Woman's Rights Convention near her home in Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848.

Abolitionism

Movement dedicated to the freedom of slavery during the early and mid 19th century

Frederick Douglass

ex-slave who became a leader of the abolitionist movement. His auto-biography became the key text for many abolitionists.

William Lloyd Garrison

Ardent abolitionist founder of the American Antislavery Society and publisher of The Liberator, an antislavery newspaper that advocated the immediate emancipation of slaves.

Underground Railroad

Informal network of volunteers that helped runaway slaves escape from the South and reach free-soil Canada.

King Cotton

a term that is used to refer to the dominance of the Southern cotton industry before the Civil War

Nat Turner Rebellion

Virginia slave revolt that resulted in the deaths of sixty whites and raised fears among white southerners of further uprisings.

Louisiana Purchase

The 1803 acquisition of a huge territory from Napoleon of France for $15 million

War of 1812

Fought between Britain and the United States largely over the issues of trade and impressment. Though the war ended in a relative draw, it demonstrated America's willingness to defend its interests

Impressment

British policy of forcing ex-=sailors and civilians into naval service and was a cause of the War of 1812

War Hawks

a group of younger congressmen that called for war on Britain to redeem American honor before the War of 1812

Monroe Doctrine

An 1823 statement that an attack or colonization effort in the Western Hemisphere by any European country would be an attack on the United States

Marbury v. Madison

The 1803 supreme court decision that established the principle of judicial review. Allows the court to determine the constitutionality of federal or state law

The American System

An economic plan by Henry Clay that called for federal government investment in internal improvements, a rechartering of the national bank, and increased tariffs

McCullough v. Maryland

Supreme Court case that strengthened federal authority and upheld the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States by establishing that the State of Maryland did not have power to tax the bank.

Missouri Compromise

maintained balance between slave and free states. All territory above 36'30" would be free territory.

Andrew Jackson

The first president of the West who founded the Democratic Party and was hailed as the champion of the common man.

Indian Removal Act, 1830

Part of the effort to remove Native Americans from areas east of the Mississippi to make way for American settlement

Bank War

The political battles surrounding the attempt by Andrew Jackson to greatly reduce the power of the National Bank

Whig Party

A political party that arose in 1834 in opposition to Andrew Jackson and favored an activist federal government

Democrat Party

Party born to support Andrew Jackson. Drew its principles from Jefferson and advocated for limited government

Manifest Destiny

An expansionist term first used by John O'Sullivan. Called for America to expand its boarders and cultures to all of North America.

Mexican-American War

a conflict that was started because of the impact of Manifest Destiny and border disputes in Texas.

Mexican Cession

A large amount of land received by the United States following the Mexican-American War. The status of slavery in this territory will be a significant cause of the Civil War

Popular Sovereignty

Notion advanced before the Civil War that the sovereign people of a given territory should decide whether to allow slavery

California Gold Rush

The discovery of gold in California which led to a flood of migrants to California.

Compromise of 1850

A complex agreement that temporarily lessened tensions. The north received California as a free state and the South received an enhanced Fugitive Slave Act

Kansas Nebraska Act

Legislation crafted by Stephen Douglas that allowed settlers to decide about slavery in Kansas and Nebraska territory using popular sovereignty

Dred Scott vs. Stanford

Supreme courts case that determined that slaves could not sue in courts and declared that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional.

Abraham Lincoln

His election in 1860 drove South Carolina from the Union, eventually leading to the Civil War. He'll work to emancipate slaves during the Civil War.

Emancipation Proclamation

A 1863 declaration by Abraham Lincoln that abolished slavery in states of rebellion during the Civil War

Military Reconstruction

Era following the Civil War where Republicans initiated changes in the South that gave freed slaves new rights;

violence in south + policed by soldiers

13th Amendment

A 1865 amendment that abolished slavery in the United States and all its territories

14th Amendment

ratified in 1868 and stated that all persons born or naturalized in the United States were citizens

15th Amendment

stated that a person could not be denied the right to vote because of skin color to whether or not the person had been a slave.

Hiram Revels

First African American U.S. senator, elected in 1870 to the Mississippi seat previously occupied by Jefferson Davis. Shows the advancements in rights experience temporarily by freedmen

Slaughterhouse cases

A series of court cases that allowed states to add to federal law as long as they applied the laws equally. Opens the door for undercutting the Reconstruction Amendments

Sharecropping

a form of agricultural labor in which the workers received seed and farming implements in return for their labor. Received a share of the profits for a share of the crop.

Ku Klux Klan

Organization founded during Reconstruction by the Southerners who wanted to maintain white supremacy

Literacy Tests

A state imposed loophole in the 15th Amendment that requires a voter to prove that they can read in order to be eligible to vote