Chapter 18: Practical Applications of Immunology

Deliberate weakening

Deliberate weakening

________, called attenuation can lead to the production of live attenuated vaccines.

Western blotting

________, often simply called immunoblotting, can identify a specific protein in a mixture (such as proteins extracted from a blood sample)

Immunology

________ gives us many other invaluable diagnostic tools, most of which are based on interactions of humoral antibodies with antigens.

whole microbes

Inactivated killed vaccines use ________ that have been killed, usually by formalin or phenol, after being grown in the laboratory.

Sensitivity

________ is the probability that the test is reactive if the specimen is a true positive.

suspension of organisms

A vaccine is a(n) ________ or fractions of organisms used to induce immunity.

Specificity

________ is the probability that a test will not be reactive if a specimen is a true negative.

flow cytometer

The FACS is a modification of a(n) ________, in which a suspension of cells leaves a nozzle as droplets containing no more than one cell per drop.

Indirect fluorescent antibody

________ (FA) tests are used to detect the presence of a specific antibody in serum following exposure to a microorganism.

Toxoid vaccines

________ contain inactivated toxins produced by a pathogen.

Fluorescent antibody

________ (FA) techniques can identify microorganisms in clinical specimens and can detect the presence of a specific antibody in serum.

spread of epidemics

If a high percentage of the population is immune, a phenomenon called herd immunity, outbreaks are limited to sporadic cases because there are not enough susceptible individuals to support the ________.

human serum

The procedure is used in research to separate proteins in ________ and is the basis of certain diagnostic tests.

effective vaccine

A(n) ________ prevents the targeted disease from ever occurring, thereby ceasing suffering before it ever begins.

To create effective vaccines, the developers need to overcome a number of hurdles

understanding the most effective antigens that will cause an immune response, fully understanding the life cycle of stages of microorganism, finding effective animal models to test efficacy, and funding and coordinated research on a particular vaccine