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Hydroxyl group
A functional group consisting of an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom (-OH).
Carbon
A chemical element with the symbol C; it has the ability to form four bonds and is fundamental to organic chemistry.
Hydrogen bond
A weak bond between two molecules, often involving a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom.
Dilution factor
A ratio that describes how much a substance has been diluted, typically expressed as the original concentration divided by the final concentration.
Hypotonic
A solution that has a lower concentration of solutes compared to another solution, causing cells to swell.
Hypertonic
A solution that has a higher concentration of solutes compared to another solution, causing cells to shrink.
Isotonic
A solution that has the same concentration of solutes as another solution, leading to no net movement of water.
Amino acids
Basic building blocks of proteins, typically consisting of an amino group, carboxyl group, and a variable R group.
Nucleotides
Organic molecules that serve as the basic building blocks of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA, containing a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
Monosaccharide
The simplest form of carbohydrates, consisting of a single sugar unit, such as glucose.
Carbohydrates
Organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, typically in a ratio of 1:2:1.
