________: believe that we have an ethical duty to protect and nurture the earth.
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Biosphere
________: is a fragile skin on planet earth.
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Deep ecologists
________: put more value on nature than humanity.
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Biocentric
________: thinkers see all life as shaving value for its own sake, not just for humans.
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Material
________ and energy undergo transfers and transformations in flowing from one storage to the next.
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Transformations
________: when energy or matter flow and changes its state, a change in the chemical nature, a change in state or energy.
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Ecocentrics
________: puts ecology and nature as central to humanity (less materialistic)
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Cornucopians
________: people who see the world as having infinite resources to benefit humanity.
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Independent pressure groups
________: they use awareness campaigns to make a change.
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Anthropocentric
________: believes humans must sustainably manage the global system.
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Governments
________: make policy decisions which include environmental ounces, such as planning permission for land use, applying legislation to manage emissions controls over factories.
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EVS
Environmental value system (________): a worldview that shapes the way an individual or group perceive and evaluate environmental issues.
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environmental problems
Technocentric: believes that technological developments can provide solutions to ________.
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Transfers
________: when energy or matter flows and changes location but does not change its state.
a worldview that shapes the way an individual or group perceive and evaluate environmental issues
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Influential individuals
often use social media to raise awareness
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Independent pressure groups
they use awareness campaigns to make a change
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Corporate businesses
multinational corporations (MNC) and transnational corporations supply consumer demand and create environmental impact
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Governments
make policy decisions which include environmental ounces, such as planning permission for land use, applying legislation to manage emissions controls over factories
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Intergovernmental bodies
these groups hold summits about earth to bring governments, NGOs and corporations to consider environmental and world development issues
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Ecocentrics
puts ecology and nature as central to humanity (less materialistic)
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Anthropocentric
believes humans must sustainably manage the global system
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Technocentric
believes that technological developments can provide solutions to environmental problems
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Cornucopians
people who see the world as having infinite resources to benefit humanity
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Environmental managers
believe that we have an ethical duty to protect and nurture the earth
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Biocentric
thinkers see all life as shaving value for its own sake, not just for humans
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Deep ecologists
put more value on nature than humanity
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System
set of interrelated parts working together to make a complex whole, can be living or nonliving
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Biome
can be seen as an ecosystem
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Biosphere
is a fragile skin on planet earth
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Transfers
when energy or matter flows and changes location but does not change its state
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Transformations
when energy or matter flow and changes its state, a change in the chemical nature, a change in state or energy
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**Principle of conservation of energy**
states that energy in isolated systems can be transformed but not created or destroyed
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**Second law of thermodynamics**
states that energy is transformed through energy transfers
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**Entropy**
a measure of the amount of disorder in a system
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**Efficiency**
the useful energy, the work or output produced by a process divided by the amount of energy consumed being the input to the the process
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**Equilibrium**
the tendency of the system to return to an original state following disturbance. At an equilibrium; a state of balance exists among the components of a system
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**Steady-state equilibrium**:
a characteristic of an open system where there are continents inputs and outputs of energy and matter, the system remains in constant state
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**Static equilibrium**
no change occurs over time. Most non-living systems are in a state of static equilibrium
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**Stable equilibrium**
the system tends to return to the same equilibrium after a disturbance
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**Unstable equilibrium**
the system will return to a new equilibrium after a disturbance
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**Feedback loop**
when information that starts as a reaction in turn may input more information which may start another reaction
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**Negative feedback loop**
stabilises steady state equilibria, occur when the output of a process inhibits or reverses the operation of the same process in such a way to reduce change, counteracts deviation.
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**Positive feedback loop**
will amplify changes and bring the system towards a new tipping point where a new equilibrium is adopted
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**Albedo**
reflecting ability of a surface
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**Resilience**
the ability of a system to return to its initial state after a disturbance
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An **ecological tipping point**
is a reached when an ecosystem experiences a shift to a new state
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**Lake eutrophication**
nutrients added to a lake may not change much until enough nutrients are added to change its state
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**Extinction of a keystone species**
A keystone species within an ecosystem is fundamental to keeping the ecosystem stable and supported
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**Coral reef death**
if ocean acidity rises enough the reef coral dies and cannot regenerate
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**Sustainability**
the use of resources that allows full natural replacement of the resources used and full recovery of the ecosystems affected by their extraction
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**Sustainable development**
development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
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**Ecological overshoot**
when a sustainable resource is exploited to its maximum
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**Natural capital**
natural resources that can produce a sustainable __natural income__ of goods or services
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**Environmental impact assessments (EIA)**
is a report prepared before a development project changes the use of lans. It weighs up the advantages and disadvantages of the development
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**Baseline study**
an analysis of a current situation to identify the starting points for a project
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**Ecological footprint (EF)**
the area of land and water required to sustainability provide all resources at the rate which they are being consumed by a given population
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**Pollution**
the introduction/addition of a substance to the environment by human activity. This addition is considered harmful to the environment
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**Primary pollutants**
are active on emission (carbon monoxide) from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels
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**Secondary pollutants**
are formed by primary pollutants undergoing physical or chemical changes
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**Persistent organic pollutant (POPs)**
a toxic environmental contaminant which requires special handling and disposal
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**Biodegradable pollutants**
do not persist in the environment and break down quickly. May be broken down by decomposer organisms or physical processes. Example: Light, heat
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**Acute pollution**
when large amounts of pollutants are released causing a lot of harm
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**Chronic pollution**
long term release of a pollutant but in small amounts
Studied by 29 people
