Studied by 10 people
When did the USSR successfully test their first atomic bomb?
September 1949
Who was the leader of the People’s Republic of China?
Mao Zedong
Who was the leader of the Republic of China?
Chiang Kai-Shek
What was NSC-68 and what did it state?
1950, US National Security Council report stating all global communism had links to Moscow
Where did the “Monolithic View of Communism” come from?
NSC-68
Occupation in Korea after Japanese army surrender (1945)
USA troops in South, wanted to create a capitalist gov.
USSR troops in North, wanted to create a communist gov.
What event triggered the Korean War and when did it occur?
North Korea invading South Korea (taking Seoul); June 25, 1950
What was Truman’s response to North Korea’s invasion?
Soviet expansionism & called for immediate military action
What was Stalin’s role in North Korea’s invasion?
Giving weapons & military advisors to the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
What was the DPRK and who was the leader of it?
Democratic People’s Republic of Korea; North Korea, Kim Il-Sung
What was the ROK and who was the leader of it?
Republic of Korea; South Korea, Syngman Ree
What was the KPA?
Korean’s People Army; North Korean Army
What was the ROKA?
Republic of Korea Armed Forces; South Korean Army
Why did Truman approach the UN about the Korean War and what did he tell them?
Believed Communist expansion in Asia would create the Domino effect & claimed lack of UN intervention would cause UN to fail like the League of Nations
How did the USSR approach the UN meeting about the Korean War & what was agreed upon at the meeting?
USSR boycotted in protest of UN not giving PRC a seat; USA & UN would send military aid to South Korea (ROK), 27 June 1950
June 1950 (North Korean invasion)
KPA captured Seoul & pushed South Korean troops to Busan/Pusan, Americans protected Syngman Rhee from DPRK attempt to kill him
September 1950
MacArthur led UN forces from Inchon to take Seoul & push North Koreans to 38th parallel (amphibious landing)
What was the name of the American UN general who led UN & USA forces in the Korean war?
Douglas MacArthur
October 1950
UN created the rollback policy (replacing the policy of containment) & would attempt to liberate Korea under Syngman Rhee’s rule; KPA was pushed to Yalu River & Pyongyang was captured
What was the significance of Pyongyang’s capture?
Only Communist capital to be taken by the West in the Cold War, destroyed it while taking it
What was a major flaw in the West’s strategy to taking Korea?
Scorched Earth tactics, didn’t have cover when they were pushed back from the PVA & KPA
What was the PVA?
People’s Volunteer Army, People’s Republic of China
Why did Mao Zedong fear the West being at the Yalu River in 1950?
The West didn’t recognize the People’s Republic of China as a nation
November 1950
People’s Volunteer Army joined North Korean Army
December 1950
Pyongyang was recaptured by PVA & KPA, UN & ROKA pushed to 38th parallel
January 1951
PVA & KPA captured Seoul
February 1951
China is declared an aggressor in Korea by the UN & stalemate begins at 38th parallel
March 1951
Seoul is recaptured by UN & ROKA
April 1951
MacArthur started becoming aggressive before Chinese intervention & wanted to fight China with atomic weapons; MacArthur is dismissed at Wake Island; Battle of Kapyong
Battle of Kapyong
April 1951, PVA & KPA advance on Kapyong (trying to get closer to Seoul), Canadian & Australian regiments stop the advance
What was the name of the Canadian regiment at the Battle of Kapyong?
Princess Patricia’s Canadian Light Infantry Regiment
What was the name of the general who replaced MacArthur in April 1951?
General Matthew Ridgway
July 1951
Peace talks started, nothing is agreed upon
1952
Dwight D. Eisenhower was elected President, November 4
July 1953
Military armistice was signed at Panmunjom to end hostilities of Korean War (formal peace treaty was never signed)
Effect of the Korean War
Open conflict between USA & China; USA focuses on containing communism in Europe and Asia
When did Turkey & Greece join NATO?
February 1952
When did Joseph Stalin die?
March 1953, Hemorrhagic stroke
What was the USA’s Secretary of State under Eisenhower’s name?
John Foster Dulles
What policy did Dulles approve of and what was implemented instead?
Rollback policy (push Soviet Union back from countries); Eisenhower’s New Look policy (contain communism & let it collapse on its own)
What was SEATO and who was part of it?
South East Asian Treaty Organization, September 1954, use military & economic aid to stop communist spread in Asia; Australia, Britain, France, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand
How did USA help Japan and Taiwan & why?
Helped economy & created military bases; China wanted to conquer Taiwan & remove ROC (Republic of China)
Where was the USA’s first hydrogen bomb tested and when?
Pacific Marshall Islands, November 1952
How was the CIA used during the Cold War and where?
Used in Soviet territory to undermine communism; overthrew Mohammed Mossadegh (Iran), 1953 & Jacob Arbenz Guzman (Guatemala), 1954
What was Brinksmanship and under what circumstances is it effective?
Taking conflict to the brink of warfare; effective when user has the upperhand (USA using Brinksmaship is only effective when they are the only ones with thermonuclear weapons)
What was the name of the Second Berlin Crisis movie?
Bridge of Spies
What was McCarthyism?
Practice of making accusations of treason, especially related to communism (no facts to support)
What was Joseph McCarthy’s role in the Red Scare in the US (1940s & 1950s)?
Many blame him for the Red Scare or the evolution of it due to McCarthyism (which was created in response to the Red Scare)
How did McCarthyism effect the US & what was Truman’s stance on it?
People (especially actors, filmmakers, & writers) were condemned for political beliefs or suspicions of being communist; Anti-communist
What was the state of gov. after Stalin’s death?
Collective gov. of top Soviet positions was formed
Who immediately replaced Stalin & what happened to him?
Beria; Nikita Khrushchev & Georgy Zhukov had Beria arrested, imprisoned, and killed for treason (Beria wanted to abandon East Germany)
What was the state of gov. after Beria?
Malenkov & Bulganin served as premiers before Khrushchev came to power
What is Peaceful Coexistence?
Belief that capitalism & communism should accept each other and live alongside each other peacefully
Why did Peaceful Coexistence work well for a while between USA & USSR?
Believed the other’s belief would fail (communism & capitalism)
What was the Austrian State Treaty and who created it?
USSR, April 1955; Austria would become an independent & neutral country instead of 4-power occupation
How did the West see the Austrian State Treaty?
Due to Salami tactics not being used & the USSR following through with the removal of the Red Army, thought it was end of Stalin’s era of communist expansion
What was the Geneva Summit & when did it take place?
First meeting since Potsdam, July 1955; started discussion of demilitarization in Germany & Europe
What were the names of the De-Stalinization Speech?
Secret Speech; On the Cult of Personality & its Consequences
When did Khrushchev give the De-Stalinization Speech and what did it outline?
February 1956, condemned Stalin & believed USSR was becoming more peaceful
Where was there a revolution against the Soviet Union’s control in October 1956?
Hungary; wanted free democratic elections, against Matyas Rakosi and Hungarian People’s Republic
What was Imre Nagy’s role in the Cold War?
Temporary Hungarian Prime Minister, removed Hungary from Warsaw Pact
How did Khrushchev react to Hungary leaving the Warsaw Pact?
Suppressed the revolution with the Red Army & allies in Hungary
What was the Suez Canal Crisis and when did it take place?
October 1956; Egypt wanted to nationalize the Suez Canal; Israeli, British, French forces attempted armed takeover; Khrushchev threatened Western powers & Eisenhower condemned this (supporting Western powers)
Who resolved the Suez Canal Crisis and how?
Lester B. Pearson, 1957; Pearson Peace Plan, won a Nobel Prize for it
What was the Pearson Peace Plan?
Canadian & UN troops would oversee the withdrawal of Israeli, British, French troops from Egypt; formal agreement between Egypt & West. powers would be made
Who was the Egyptian leader during the Suez Canal Crisis?
Gamal Abdel Nasser
What was discussed at the Geneva Summit?
US wanted open skies, USSR denied; USSR wanted US troops out of Europe & NATO & Warsaw Pact disbanded, USA denied
What was the Eisenhower Doctrine & what did it state?
1957, US would assist Middle East countries to fight communism, extension of Eisenhower’s New Look Policy; aggressive response would be used in Middle East against communism
What was Sputnik & what was its significance?
First satellite to orbit Earth, West feared “Missile Gap”; October 1957
What was NASA and when was it created?
National Aeronautics & Space Administration, 1958; response to USSR Space Race
What was the “Missile Gap”?
USA’s fear that USSR had greater missile technology; Khrushchev’s threats to USA with nuclear attacks & Sputnik caused it
What was the purpose of the Gaither Report & what did it outline?
Counter the “Missile Gap”; increase in offensive defense power (especially missiles), building forces able to fight a limited war, building programme of fallout shelters to protest US citizens from nukes
What is a limited war?
War fought with restrictions (ex. avoiding using nukes)
What was U-2 & why was it significant?
USA spy plane over USSR; revealed no missile gap, shot down over USSR May 1960, USA tried to deny it, USSR found spy equipment & pilot confessed
When did Khrushchev visit the US?
September 1959; Paris Summit was scheduled
What happened at the Paris Summit?
May 1960; Eisenhower refused to apologize for U-2 incident, Khrushchev cancelled Eisenhower’s visit to USSR
Who was the pilot of the U-2 spy plane that was shot down over USSR?
Gary Powers
What was banned in October 1958 by USA followed by USSR?
Atmospheric nuclear weapon testing; underground & underwater testing weren’t banned
What happened in Berlin in November 1958?
Khrushchev demanded the West leave Berlin within 6 months; Khrushchev wanted a united Germany under a formal treaty without the West; West refused to leave
When was the Second Berlin Crisis?
1961 the Berlin wall was reconstructed & tensions increased
When was the Cuban Missile Crisis?
1962
What was the worst crisis of the Cold War?
Cuban Missile Crisis
What was Beria’s full name?
Lavrenti Pavlovich Beria
What were the branches of Eisenhower’s New Look Policy?
SEATO, Brinksmanship, military usage in areas vulnerable to falling to communism, assisting fights against communism, CIA usage, increase in reliance on nukes
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Flashcard