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Abolitionism
the movement to end the Atlantic slave trade and free all enslaved people which gained followers in 18th century.
Adam Smith
one of the most influential thinks of the Enlightenment; wrote Wealth of Nations which responded to mercantilism and called for free trade.
Agricultural Revolution
the transformation of human existence caused by the deliberate cultivation of particular plants and the deliberate taming and breeding of particular animals.
Anti-Semitism
hostility towards Jews.
Automatic Loom
allowed clothes to be made at a faster rate and changed bobbins automatically without stopping; Toyoda Loom Works made one and later became Toyota Motor Company.
Baron Montesquieu
French philosopher who argued that the best system of government divided the power of government into three parts
Bastille
a former prison in Paris that symbolized the abuses of the monarchy and the corrupt aristocracy; it was stormed by angry crowds on July 14, 1789.
Bessemer Process
a more efficient way to produce steel by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities.
Bourgeoisie
the middle class and investors who owned machinery and factories where workers produced goods.
Bushido
the code of conduct of the samurai which was longer condoned by the government after 1871.
Capital
money available to invest in business.
Capitalism
an economic system in which the means of production, such as factories and natural resources, are privately owned an are operated for profit.
Cecil Rhodes
founder of De Beers Diamonds, he was an especially enthusiastic investor in a railroad project that was to run from Cape Town to Cairo to connect British-held colonies.
Charels Fourier
Utopian socialist that and social critic who worked to establish ideal communities that would point the way to an equitable society.
Charter Oath
five point policy issued by Japan's Meiji emperor, which described Japan's plan for modernization calling for democracy, equality of class, rejection of outdated customs, and acceptance of foreign knowledge.
Classical Liberalism
a belief in natural rights, constitutional government, laissez-faire economics, and reduced spending on armies and established churches.
Coaling Stations
ports where ships could refuel with coal.
Commodore Matthew Perry
US navy commander who, on July 8, 1853, arrived in Japan to demand they open up trade.
Company Rule
British East India Company control over parts of the Indian subcontinent from 1757 to 1858.
Communism
a political system in which the government owns all property and dominates all aspects of life in a country; Marx believed socialism would replace capitalism and communism would replace socialism as the final stage of economic development.
Conservatism
a belief in traditional institutions, favoring reliance on practical experience over ideological theories.
Consumerism
the culture or ideology of excessive consumption of material goods or services.
Cottage Industry
industry in which merchants provided raw cotton to women who spun it into finished cloth in their own homes.
Crop Rotation
rotating different crops in and out of a field each year.
Declaration of Independence
the fundamental document establishing the United States as a nation independent of Britain, adopted on July 4, 1776.
Declaration of the Rights of Man
one of the fundamental documents of the French Revolution, defining a set of individual rights a n d collective rights of all of the estates as one.
Deism
the belief that divinity simply set natural laws in motion and does not interfere.
Division of Labor
production process in which a worker or group of workers is assigned a specialized task in order to increase efficiency.
Dreyfus Affair
a divisive case in which Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish captain in the French army, was falsely accused and convicted of treason; he was later found innocent and the French government severed all ties between the state and church.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
American social activist, abolitionist, and leading figure of the early women's rights movement whose Declaration of Sentiments, presented at the first woman's rights convention held in Seneca Falls, New York, is often credited with initiating the first organized women’s rights and women’s suffrage movements in the US.
Emperor Guangxu
was inspired by the proposals of Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao, embarked on the Hundred Days reforms of 1898.
Empress Dowager Cixi
imprisoned Emperor Guangxu and reversed his reform edicts; wanted to protect traditional social and government systems in China.
Empiricism
the belief that knowledge comes from sensed experience, from what you observe through your experience, including experiments.
Enlightenment
Post-Renaissance period in European history devoted to the study and exploration of new ideas in science, politics, the arts, and philosophy.
Fabian Society
a group of English socialists, including George Bernard Shaw, Emmeline Pankhurst, Beatrice Webb, and H.G Wells who advocated electoral victories rather than violent revolution to bring about social change.
Friedrich Engels
wealthy supporter of Karl Marx who contributed to the publication of the Communist Manifesto which summarized their critique of capitalism.
Genros
elder statesman that served the Japanese Government; after the dissolving the position of samurai, some samurai took on this position.
Guglielmo Marconi
an Italian inventor known as the father of radio.
Hatt-i Humayun
Ottoman reform Edict that updated the legal system, declared equality for all men in education, government appointments, and justice regardless of religion or ethnicity.
Henri de Saint-Simon
a French social theorist whose thought played a substantial role in influencing politics, economics, sociology, and the philosophy of science; proposed the building of the Suez canal.
Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC)
a prominent bank established and based in Hong Kong since 1865 and focused on finance, corporate investments, and global banking when Hong Kong was a colony of the British Empire.
Human Capital
the workforce.
Hundred Days of Reform
sweeping reforms in the late 1800s in China that included the abolition of the civil service exam, elimination of corruption, and the establishment of Western-style industrial, commercial, and medical systems.
Immigration
the movement of people into the country from other countries.
Industrial Revolution
new technologies reshaped societies and led to dramatic changes.
Industrialization
increased mechanization of production.
Interchangeable Parts
identical machine components that can be substituted one for another.
James Watt
made a version of the steam engine in 1765 that provided an inexpensive way to harness coal power to create steam which generated energy.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Genevan philosopher and writer whose political philosophy influenced the French Revolution as well as the overall development of modern political, sociological, and educational thought.
John Locke
philosopher who wrote two Treatises of Government and supported the idea of social contract.
John Stuart Mill
British philosopher who championed legal reforms to allow labor unions, limit child labor, and ensure safe working conditions in factories.
Karl Marx
German scholar and writer who argued for socialism; published the Communist Manifesto.
Labor Unions
organizations of workers that advocate for the right to bargain with employers and put resulting agreements in a contract.
Laissez-faire
French for "leave alone," an economic environment in which transactions between private parties are free from tariffs, government subsidies, and enforced monopolies, with only enough government regulations sufficient to protect property rights against theft and aggression.
Limited-Liability Corporations (LLs)
a business organization in which the owners have limited personal legal responsibility for debts and actions of the business.
Lola Rodriguez de Tió
Puerto Rican-born poet and prominent early advocate for Puerto Rican independence.
Mahmud II
Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1808 until his death in 1839 whose reforms helped to consolidate the Ottoman Empire despite defeats in wars and losses of territory.
Mary Wollstonecraft
English writer who published A Vindication of the Rights of Women in 1792 that argues that women should receive the same education as men.
Means of Production
machines, factories, mines, and land needed to produce goods.
Meiji Restoration
the dissolution of Japan's feudal system of government and the restoration of the imperial system that led to Japan modernizing and industrializing.
Nationalism
a feeling of intense loyalty to others who share one's language and culture.
New Zealand Wars
military confrontations between the Mãori and British over who had rights to the land which eventually ended in European Colonization of New Zealand.
Mamluks
former Turkish slaves who formed a military class.
Mass Production
the manufacture of many identical products by the division of labor into many small repetitive tasks which made goods cheaper, more abundant, and more easily accessible.
Monopoly
control of a specific business and elimination of all competition.
Muhammad Ali
Albanian Ottoman officer who was selected to be the new governor of Egypt; reformed Egypt and pushed it to industrialize.
Ottomanism
movement in the 1870s and 1880s that aimed to create a more modern, unified state by minimizing ethnic, linguistic, and religious differences across the empire.
Otto von Bismarck
a German statesman who unified numerous German states into a powerful.
German Empire under Prussian leadership, then created a "balance of power" that preserved peace in Europe from 1871 until 1914.
Philosophes
a group of thinkers and writer in the 18th century that explored social, political, and economic theories in new ways.
Proletariat
the working class who often worked in factories and mines for little compensation.
Propaganda Movement
1882 movement in the Philippines that involved magazines, pamphlets, and other publications that demanded social and political reforms
Raw Materials
the basic material from which products are made.
Realpolitik
system of politics or principles based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations.
Reign of Terror
a period during the French Revolution in which the government executed thousands of opponents of the revolution.
Richard Arkwright
patented the water frame which used waterpower to drive the spinning wheel.
Robert Owen
utopian socialist from Great Britain who established intentional communities governed by the principles of utopian socialism in Scotland and Indiana.
Second Industrial Revolution
key players were the United States, Great Britain, and Germany;developments included steel, chemicals, precision machinery, and electronics.
Seed Drill
a devicee that efficiently places seeds in a designated spots in the ground.
Self-Strengthening Movement
China's program of internal reform in the 1860s and 1870s, based on vigorous application of Confucian principles and limited borrowing from the West.
Simon Bolivar
leader of revolt in South American colonies against Spanish rule.
Slums
areas of cities where low-income families were forced to live.
Social Contract
an agreement between the people and their government signifying their consent to be governed.
Socialism
a system of public or direct worker ownership of the means of production such as the mills to make cloth or the machinery and land needed to mine coal.
Stockholders
individuals who buy partial ownership directly from the company when it’s formed or later th rough stock market.
Tabula Rasa
the "blank slate" that Locke proposed people were born with that could be filled with knowledge.
Tanzimat
Ottoman reforms during 1839-1876 after Mahmud that addressed corruption, education, laws, and updated the legal system.
Tenement
poorly constructed, crowded apartment building that working class families lived in; often owned by factory owners themselves.
Theodor Herzl
Austro-Hungarian Jew who led the Zionist movement.
Thomas Paine
defended Deism in his book The Age of Reason.
Toussaint L'Ouverture
former slave who led a general rebellion against slavery in the Haitian Revolution and was the first leaser of a free Haiti.
Transcontinental Railroad
railroad which linked the east and west coasts of the united states.
Trans-Siberian Railroad
stretched from Moscow to the Pacific Ocean, allowing Russia to trade easily with countries in East Asia.
Unilever Corporation
a British and Dutch venture that focused on household goods and most notably, soap.
Utilitarianism
philosophy of John Stuart Mill that sought "the greatest good for the greatest number of people".
Utopian Socialists
those who felt that society could be channeled in positive directions by setting up ideal communities.
Voltaire
French Enlightenment writer, historian and philosopher famous for his advocacy of civil liberties, including freedom of religion, free trade and separation of church and state.
White-collar
middle class office workers.
Working Class
those in Britain who labored in factories and mines.
Zaibatsu
powerful Japanese family business organizations like the conglomerates in the United States.
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