MT LAWS:Bioethics-Finals-Issues

• 600 African American men from Macon County, Alabama were enlisted to partake in a scientific experiment on syphilis

• subjects were unaware of this and were simply told they were receiving treatment for bad blood

Tuskegee syphilis study

‘scientific racism’

Tuskegee syphilis study

was a professor of anatomy at the University of Vienna known for his book, Atlas of Topographical and Applied Human Anatomy prepared by him and 4 artists over a 20-year period

Eduard Pernkopf

• In 1995, an investigation revealed that the university received more than 1,000 bodies during the Nazi occupation

• The anatomy drawings may have come from executed people

PERNKOPF ATLAS

Children with mental retardation at Willowbrook State School were intentionally given hepatitis to track the development of the viral infection

WILLOWBROOK EXPERIMENTS

based in Harbin, China, was a biological and chemical warfare research and development unit of the Japanese Imperial Army that engaged in lethal human experimentations during World War II

Unit 731

What are the INTERNATIONAL CODES?

• Nuremberg Code

• Declaration of Helsinki

• 10 standards to which physicians must conform when carrying out experiments on human subjects

• enunciates the requirement of voluntary informed consent

Nuremberg Code

• states that potential subjects should only give consent after being fully informed of the study's setup, goals, and sources of funding; potential conflicts of interest; researcher affiliation(s); risks and benefits; and their right to withdraw

Declaration of Helsinki

a medical or surgical procedure that deliberately ends a pregnancy before an embryo or fetus is born

ABORTION

This ruled that the Constitution protects a woman’s right to an abortion through the end of the first trimester; introduced regulations for the second trimester and to ban abortion after the fetus has reached viability except in cases where the mother’s health is endangered

Roe v. Wade

the practice of ending the life of a patient to limit the patient’s suffering

Euthanasia

killing a patient by, for example, injecting a patient with a lethal dose of a drug

Active Euthanasia

intentionally letting a patient die by withholding artificial life support such as a ventilator or feeding tube

Passive Euthanasia

the exploration of biodiversity for new biological resources of social and economic value

Bioprospecting

making use of local medicinal knowledge without acknowledging that it is indigenous intellectual property

Biopiracy

‘historically rooted in colonialism’

BIOPROSPECTING/ BIOPIRACY

clarified the rights of indigenous people and local communities to control the use of intellectual property and to establish equitable benefit sharing

Rio Declaration

A legally binding international agreement specifically addressing the issue of bioprospecting and the rights of indigenous peoples to access to forest resources, intellectual property, and adequate compensation

NAGOYA PROTOCOL

a movement that is aimed at ‘improving’ the genetic composition of humanity through advocated selective and planned breeding

EUGENICS

Cancer cells from Henrietta Lacks which became the first human “cell line”

HELA CELLS

Who was the first human “cell line”

Henrietta Lacks

an appeal of scientists aiming at the legal equalization of the non-human great apes (chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans) with man

THE GREAT APE PROJECT

THE GREAT APE PROJECT, secures three basic rights for all great apes:

• The Right of Life

• The Protection of Individual Liberty

• The Prohibition of Torture

The misuse of psychiatric diagnosis, treatment and detention for the purposes of obstructing the fundamental human rights of certain individuals and groups in society

POLITICAL ABUSE OF PSYCHIATRY

editor of the journal that contained articles critical of the authorities, was beaten, jailed, and then sent to a psychiatric hospital

Vasily Mikaelovich Stetsik

a lawyer who accused a local prosecutor of corruption, was taken in handcuffs to a psychiatric institution where he was detained for 4 weeks

Sergei Ablamsky

a journalist who published articles critical of the Russian Government, was forcibly incarcerated in a psychiatric clinic for 35 days and was poisoned with mercury

Marina Kalashnikova

a Nobel Prize-winning poet, was accused of ‘social parasitism’ as a poet and was sent to hard labor and mental institutions

Joseph Brodsky

a poet and activist, was diagnosed with schizophrenia after protesting the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia

Natalya Gorbanevskaya

The HAWAII DECLARATION is issued by?

World Psychiatric Association

“The Psychiatrist must never use his professional possibilities to violate the dignity or human rights of any individual or group and should never let inappropriate personal desires or feelings prejudices or beliefs interfere with the treatment.

HAWAII DECLARATION

refers to the delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccines despite availability of vaccination services

VACCINE HESITANCY

What are the Reasons for Vaccine hesitancy?

• lack of confidence

• complacency

• lack of convenience

The first two vaccines that are given at birth are ?

Hepatitis B

BCG (Bacillus Calmette–Guérin)