Gramatyka opisoww i morfologia terms na 21.10

Syntax

The study of how words are arranged and combined to form phrases, clauses, and sentences. It focuses on sentence structure and grammatical relationships between words.

Phonology

The study of how sounds function within a particular language or languages — how they pattern and interact.

Phonetics

The study of speech sounds: how they are produced, transmitted, and heard

Phonemes

The smallest units of sound in a language that can change meaning.

Segment

An individual speech sound (a single consonant or vowel).

Lexical item 

A word or group of words that functions as one unit of meaning.

Semantics

The study of meaning in language — how words and sentences convey meaning.

Morphology

The study of word structure and formation using roots, prefixes, and suffixes.

Penult

The second-to-last syllable in a word.

Subject

The part of a sentence that performs the action or is being described.

Object

The part of a sentence that receives the action.

Morpheme

The smallest unit of language that has its own meaning.

Adjective

a word naming an attribute of a noun (happy, tall)

Adverb

a word or phrase that modifies or qualifies an adjective, verb, or other adverb or a word group, expressing a relation of place, time, circumstance, manner, cause, degree (quickly, very)

Preposition

a word expressing a relation to another word or element in the clause (on, at, after, for)

Determiner

a word that introduces a noun to clarify its reference, such as its quantity or possession. Common examples include articles ("a," "the"), possessives ("my," "your"), demonstratives ("this," "that"), and quantifiers ("some," "many").

Auxiliary verbs

a verb that supports a main verb to express tense, mood, or voice. It provides grammatical information that the main verb alone cannot convey. Common auxiliary verbs include forms of "to be," "to have," and "to do," as well as modal verbs like "can," "will," and "must

Coordinators

words that join two or more grammatical elements of equal importance, such as words, phrases, or clauses. The seven main coordinators in English are for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so, often remembered by the acronym FANBOYS

Complimentizer

words like "that," "if," and "whether" that introduce a subordinate clause, turning it into the subject or object of a sentence