quiz 3 (weeks 5; musculoskeltetal, neurology — and 6; opthamology, urinary and reproductive systems)

What is hip dysplasia?

Malformation of the hip joint. The femoral head is misshapen and major acetabulum (hip socket) is shallow

List breeds more commonly affected by hip dysplasia

Rottweilers, German Shepherds, Golden Retrievers, Labs, St. Bernards, etc.)

Describe the clinical signs of hip dysplasia

Reluctance to rise, run, or jump, joint laxity, bunny hop (especially when climbing stairs), hip/hind end pain, muscle atrophy around the hip joint

What is OCD?

Osteochondritis dissecans/Osteochondrosis dissecans. Defect of ossification of hyaline cartilage on the ends of bones in the limbs of young dogs, pieces may break off and float in the joint causing pain and inflammation

In what anatomical locations does OCD occur?

Shoulder joint most common then elbow then stifle then hock

What 4 malformations can be seen with elbow dysplasia?

Ununited anconeal process (UAP), osteochondritis dissecans (OCD), fragmented coronoid process (FMCP), joint incongruity

What is patellar luxation?

Medial or lateral displacement of the patella (kneecap)

List breeds more commonly affected by patellar luxation

Toy and miniature breeds: poodles, yorikes, poms, Maltese, pekes, chihuahuas, Boston terriers

Describe the clinical signs of patellar luxation

A skipping or hopping lameness in the hindlimb

What is a CCL tear in dogs?

Rupture of the Cranial Cruciate Ligament in the stifle (knee)

What is “cranial drawer motion”?

Lie the dog in lateral recumbency with the affected leg on the up side. Grasp the distal femur with the left hand and hold it steady. Grasp the proximal tibia with the right hand and try to push it in a cranial direction. If it does slide forward that is a cranial drawer sign, indicating that the cranial Cruciate ligament has ruptured.

What is DJD?

Degenerative joint disease or osteoarthritis

What age group of dogs and cats is affected most by DJD?

Older animals generally, may be younger if there has been a previous issue with a joint such that is develops DJD earlier

What is a seizure?

Uncontrolled movement caused by abnormal brain electrical activity

What is the definition of epilepsy?

A brain disorder characterized by a recurrence of seizures, usually idiopathic in dogs

Are all cases of seizuring caused by epilepsy? Why or why not?

No. Seizures can be caused by other intracranial and extracranial causes

What infectious diseases may cause seizures in cats?

Viral (FIP), protozoal (Toxoplasmosis), fungal (eg. Cryptococcus)

Why is status epilepsy a true emergency?

A prolonged seizure can lead to permanent brain damage and serious dysfunction of all vital organs. Potentially leading to death

What are the clinical signs of Vestibular Disease?

Imbalance, disorientation, reluctance to stand, head tilt, nystagmus, nausea, vomiting

What is ataxia?

Uncoordinated movement

What is nystagmus?

Repetitive, uncontrolled eye movement

What is IVDD and what is the cause?

Intervertebral Disc Disease — ongoing wear and tear due to vertebrae squeezing the discs may lead to weakened discs between the vertebrae and rupture into the spinal canal. Pushing on the spinal cord by the disc lead to pain, +/- paralysis/paresis

List breeds affected by Type 1 IVDD

Dachshunds, French Bulldogs, any chondrodysplastic breeds

List breeds affected by Type 2 IVDD

Any large breed

What are the common clinical signs of IVDD?

Severe pain, hunched posture, weak hindlegs, paralysis/paresis

Please give a brief description of proprioceptive deficits

Loss of awareness or sensation of a body part or area. We can test the pet’s awareness of its back feet by knuckling the paw over and watching to see how quickly the pet responds by placing the paw back into its usual position. An absent or sluggish knuckling response is evidence of a proprioceptive deficit

Give a full description of Canine Degenerative Myelopathy

Slowly progressive spinal cord degeneration

Begins caudally, hindlegs lose sensation, become ataxic, drags paws

Genetic testing available, GSD, Boxer, and Corgis most commonly affected

Eventually euthanasia becomes necessary as the disease progresses to affect the thorax

What viral disease may cause cerebellar hypoplasia?

Panleukopenia

Why might an older dog have loud, stridorous breathing and hind end weakness?

GOLP

What is a cataract?

Opacification of the lens, eventually causing blindness as the cataract matures

What is lenticular sclerosis?

Thickening of the lens with age results in a greyish blue appearance. The dog is not blind but there may be some visual impairment

What is ulcerative keratitis? What diagnostic tool would the vet use to identify one?

Also known as a corneal ulcer = damage/disruption of the cornea’s epithelial layer, sometimes with damage to the underlying tissue. Fluorescein stain is used to identify

What will happen is a steroid eye drop is used with a corneal ulcer?

It will get much worse

What is “Cherry Eye”?

Prolapse of the glance of the nictitating membrane (i.e., 3rd eyelid)

What might cause a low result on a Schirmer Tear Test?

KCS

What is uveitis?

Inflammation of the uvea

What is glaucoma?

Increased intraocular pressure

What is FLUTD and who is most affected?

Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease covers a number of conditions of the lower urinary tract including crystals, uroliths, inflammation of the bladder wall, tumors and bacterial infections. Male cats are most commonly affected

What are the clinical signs of FLUTD? What might owners confuse it with?

Dysuria, hematuria, stranguria, periuria, pollakiuria, and sometimes urethral obstruction. Can be mistaken for constipation

When does FLUTD become an emergency?

If the urethra is obstructed

What is a UTI?

Urinary tract infection

Describe the animal most commonly affected with UTI’s

Female dogs (short urethra easily picks up infection that can ascend into the bladder

How is a UTI treated?

Antibiotics and analgesia e.g., NSAID

What is a urolith?

A stone in the urinary tract

What are the 2 most common types of uroliths?

Struvite and Calcium Oxalate

What is a cystotomy?

Surgical opening into the bladder; e.g., for urolith removal

What is ARF?

Acute Renal Failure (also called acute kidney injury)

What are some causes of ARF?

Toxicities such as lily, grape, raisin or ethylene glycol ingestion

Bacterial infection of the kidneys, e.g., leptospirosis

Urethral obstruction

What is CKD?

Chronic kidney disease

List reasons to spay and neuter companion animals

Reduce marking, aggression, and mounting behaviours, population control, prevent reproductive organ diseases such as mammary tumors, pyometra, benign prostatic hyperplasia

What is pyometra and how is it prevented?

Bacteria infection and accumulation of pus in the uterus; prevent by spaying

What is “spay incontinence”?

Leaking urine uncontrollably due to urethral sphincter muscle tone loss with low estrogen after ovaries are removed