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What was the primary reason for the need for slavery in Africa?
Cheap labor.
Why did Europeans turn to Africa for slaves?
Shortage of labor.
What does the Atlantic slave trade refer to?
Transportation of slaves to America.
How can the middle passage be described?
The journey across the sea that Africans had to endure.
What is abolition?
Movement to end slavery.
Who were some leaders of the abolition movement?
Former enslaved individuals, women, and religious organizations.
What effect did slavery have on native populations?
It significantly decreased their numbers.
What is the African Diaspora?
The spread of Africans across the world due to the slave trade.
What cultural influences came from the African Diaspora?
Spread of African music and traditions.
What economic reason did Europe have for its interests in Africa?
Africa was rich in valuable resources.
What was a political reason for European interests in Africa?
Gaining land would allow them to control more territory.
What was a religious motivation behind European imperialism in Africa?
Spreading Christianity and ‘civilizing’ Africa.
What advantages did Europeans have over native Africans?
Weapons, technology, and military organization.
What does the phrase 'scramble for Africa' refer to?
The rush of European powers to colonize Africa.
What was the Balance of Power Crisis?
A crisis where European nations could not decide on territorial claims.
How was the Balance of Power Crisis resolved?
At the Berlin Conference.
How did King Leopold exploit the Congo Free State?
He misled people about his intentions and committed atrocities.
How was Ethiopia's resistance to colonization different from Algeria and West Africa?
Ethiopia resisted military colonization and remained independent.
What conflict occurred between the Dutch and the British in Africa?
The Boer Conflict.
What is African Nationalism?
The desire for self-rule among African nations.
What are the two main objectives of Pan-Africanism?
To unite Africans and gain independence.
In what forms was nationalism expressed in Africa?
Protests, political movements, poetry, and songs celebrating African culture.
Why was the promotion of African culture important?
It fostered appreciation and pride for African heritage.
Why did the end of World War II empower the African Independence movement?
Europe was weakened economically, creating an opportunity for independence.
Name three African countries that gained independence peacefully.
Ghana, Libya, and Tunisia.
What is a revolution in the context of African independence?
Armed resistance against colonial powers.
Which African countries gained independence through revolutions?
Algeria and Kenya.
What is a civil war?
Internal conflict within a country.
Give an example of an African country that experienced civil war.
The Congo.
What is One-Party Rule?
A political system with only one political party.
Why did some African nations adopt military rule?
To provide defense and counter corruption.
What does 'subsistence' mean in farming?
Producing enough food only for oneself and family.
Why is Africa's economic recovery considered fragile?
Dependence on aid from foreign nations.
Why does Africa struggle to repay debt to foreign nations?
Insufficient resources leading to reliance on borrowing.
What is genocide?
Deliberate killing of a large number of people from a specific ethnic group.
What are the four components of genocide?
Purposefulness, hate propaganda, generalization, and view of groups as 'other'.
What led to the civil war in Somalia?
Manipulation of clans by General Barre.
What role did the U.S. initially play in Somalia?
To provide humanitarian aid.
What was 'Operation Restore Hope'?
The U.S. mission in Somalia to capture a warlord.
Which European power controlled Rwanda before independence?
Belgium.
How did Belgian colonization create divisions between Hutus and Tutsis?
Belgians favored Tutsis over Hutus, leading to oppression.
What triggered the Rwandan genocide?
The death of the Hutu president in a plane crash.
Who were the Interhamwe?
Hutu extremists responsible for the Tutsi killings.
Why didn't international powers intervene in the Rwandan conflict?
Fear of repeating the mistakes in Somalia.
How long did the Rwandan genocide last and what was the death toll?
About 100 days, with around 1 million deaths.
What was the policy of Apartheid?
Forced segregation in South Africa.
Name three Apartheid policies.
'Non-whites' could not vote. 2. Living area restrictions. 3. Creation of infertile 'homelands' for ethnic tribes.
What were 'Passbooks' and why were they disliked?
Documents limiting where people could live and work, causing family separations.
What was the Sharpeville Massacre?
Police opening fire on peaceful protesters, killing over 60.
What role did women and students play in the resistance?
They led significant protests that attracted media attention.
How did the UN and other nations pressure South Africa to end Apartheid?
Through sanctions, sports bans, and boycotts.
Who is Nelson Mandela and when did he become president?
An anti-Apartheid leader and the first black president of South Africa in 1994.
