APHUG Midterm Review Notes

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Mercator Projection

A map projection that is distorted towards the poles but useful for navigation.

Gall-Peters Projection

A map projection that accurately represents size but distorts shape at the poles.

Goode Homolosine Projection

An interrupted map projection that maintains good size and shape but has poor directional accuracy.

Reference Maps

Maps that show boundaries, names, and geographic features.

Small Scale Map

A map that covers a large area with little detail.

Large Scale Map

A map that covers a small area with lots of detail.

Thematic Maps

Maps that show spatial patterns using specific data.

Choropleth Map

A thematic map where colors and shading indicate values.

Dot Density Map

A thematic map that uses dots to represent specific locations and values.

Graduated Circle Map

A thematic map that displays population-based data using circles of varying sizes.

Isoline Map

A map that groups areas according to a shared value, using lines or colors.

Cartogram

A map in which the size of areas is distorted to represent population or another variable.

Flowline Map

A map that illustrates the directionality of movement.

Absolute Direction

Cardinal directions (north, east, west, south).

Absolute Location

The exact location defined by latitude and longitude.

Relative Direction

A direction based on the surroundings (e.g., left, right).

Relative Location

A description of a place based on its features and distance from other places.

GIS

Geographic Information Systems; layered satellite images used for analysis.

Remote Sensing

The acquisition of information about an object or area from a distance, often through satellite images.

GPS

Global Positioning System; location data using latitude and longitude.

Field Observation

Firsthand data gathering through direct observation.

Secondhand Observation

Data from documents, interviews, and narratives.

Qualitative Data

Data in word form, interpretive in nature, such as opinions.

Quantitative Data

Numerical data that is replicable, such as census results.

Spatial Concepts

Ideas concerning location and relationships in space.

1st Law of Geography

The principle that relatedness decreases with distance.

Distance Decay

The diminishing interaction that occurs with increasing distance.

Time-Space Compression

The reduction of travel time that increases interaction.

Interdependence

The reliance that develops from exchanges of goods and resources.

Networks

Organized functional systems connecting nodes and flows.

Node

A central location for processes or functions.

Diffusion

The movement of items in space and over time.

Spatial Association

The relationship between objects or phenomena in a given area.

Clustered/Nucleated

A spatial pattern where objects are close together.

Dispersed

A spatial pattern where objects are spread out widely.

Sustainability

The capacity to use resources without compromising future generations.

Environmental Determinism

The theory that environment limits lifestyle choices.

Environmental Possibilism

The idea that while environmental limits exist, they can be modified with technology.

Land Use

The way land is utilized for different purposes such as agriculture, industry, and housing.

Renewable Resources

Natural resources that regenerate over time, like trees and water.

Non-renewable Resources

Finite resources that cannot be replaced easily, like oil and coal.

Scale of Analysis

The level of perspective applied to observational data, such as global, regional, or local.

Ecumene

The permanently settled areas of the Earth.

Population Density

The number of people living in a space relative to its area.

Arithmetic Density

Total population divided by land area.

Physiological Density

Total population divided by arable land area.

Pull Factor

Attributes that attract people to an area.

Push Factor

Attributes that deter people from an area.

Dependency Ratio

The ratio of dependent individuals (youth and elderly) to the working-age population.

Demographic Transition Model

A model that describes population changes over time in stages.

Overpopulation Theory

The idea that population growth outpaces food production.

Anti-Natalist Policies

Government policies aimed at decreasing birth rates.

IMR, CMR, MMR

Indicators used to assess healthcare quality: infant mortality, child mortality, and maternal mortality rates.