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Vesalius

A pioneer of anatomical studies who dissected human bodies and published findings that sparked ethics debates.

William Harvey

A physician who discovered that blood flows through a single circulatory system in the body.

Paracelsus

A medical theorist who proposed the macro-microcosm theory, stating humans are smaller versions of the universe.

Descartes

A philosopher known for dualism and deductive reasoning; emphasized questioning and the use of reason as the primary source of knowledge.

Francis Bacon

A philosopher who emphasized observation and laid the foundation for the scientific method, advocating for empirical discovery.

Benedict de Spinoza

A philosopher who promoted pantheism/monism and emphasized rationalism and empiricism for achieving happiness.

Pascal

A mathematician and philosopher who sought to unify science and religion, opposing the views of the Church.

Copernicus

The astronomer who formulated the heliocentric theory stating that the Earth revolves around the Sun.

Johannes Kepler

An astronomer who developed the laws of planetary motion and explained that planets move in elliptical orbits.

Galileo

A physicist and astronomer known for using a telescope to study celestial bodies and for formulating the concept of inertia.

Isaac Newton

A physicist who established the laws of motion and universal gravitation, linking the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment.

Margaret Cavendish

An early female scientist and philosopher known for her works in natural philosophy and biology, often published under her husband's name.

Maria Merian

A naturalist and entomologist who studied insect anatomy in Surinam, known for her detailed illustrations.

Maria Winkelmann

An astronomer rejected from the Berlin Academy, remembered for her contributions to astronomy and her struggles as a woman.

Montesquieu

A political philosopher known for advocating the separation of powers in governance to prevent tyranny.

Voltaire

An influential writer who promoted civil liberties and critiqued organized religion, supporting religious toleration.

Rousseau

Philosopher who argued for the general will and popular sovereignty, emphasizing emotion and the natural development of individuals.

Adam Smith

The economist known as the father of capitalism, who criticized mercantilism and advocated for free market principles.

Holbach

An atheist materialist who rejected supernatural explanations and advocated for determinism and reason-based ethics.

Salons

Social gatherings hosted by wealthy women where intellectuals exchanged ideas and knowledge during the Enlightenment.

Rococo Art

An artistic style characterized by playful and emotional themes, often reflecting aristocratic life within salon culture.

Enlightened Absolutism

A form of governance where rulers maintained absolute power while implementing reforms to appease Enlightenment thinkers.

Catherine the Great

The Russian empress who embraced Enlightenment ideals and implemented reforms while navigating noble resistance.

Jethro Tull

An agricultural innovator who invented the seed drill, enhancing planting efficiency during the Agricultural Revolution.

Enclosure Acts

Laws that confined communal lands into private property, forcing urban migration and changing agricultural practices.