APUSH Unit 3 Chapter 8 Vocabulary

Era of Good Feelings

The period in American history from roughly 1817-1825, was characterized by a sense of national unity and political harmony following the War of 1812. This era is marked by the decline of partisan conflicts, especially after the Federalist Party diminished, leading to the dominance of the Democratic-Republican Party and the fostering of national pride amidst economic growth and territorial expansion.

Sectionalism

The loyalty or support for a specific region or section of a country, often at the expense of national unity. Growing divides between the North and South, as differing economic interests, social structures, and political priorities began to shape regional identities.

Contributed to significant conflicts and ultimately the Civil War.

Nationalism

A political ideology that emphasizes the interests and culture of a particular nation, often advocating for self-governance and independence from foreign influence. This sense of pride and identity can unite people under a common culture, language, or history, which can lead to significant social and political movements.

Played a crucial role in shaping various historical events and movements during different periods.

Protective Tariff

Taxes imposed on imported goods with the intent of protecting domestic industries from foreign competition. By making imported products more expensive, these tariffs encourage consumers to buy locally-made goods, thereby supporting the economy.

During the Era of Jefferson, this became a significant point of contention between differing political ideologies regarding government intervention and economic policy.

Henry Clay

A prominent American statesman, lawyer, and orator who served as a U.S. Congressman and Senator in the early 19th century. Known as the “Great Compromiser” for his role in negotiating key legislative compromises, he played a vital role in shaping American politics and addressing sectional tensions during his time.

Created the Missouri Compromise of 1820, the Tariff compromise of 1833, and the Compromise of 1850.

American System

An economic plan proposed by Henry Clay in the early 19th century aimed at promoting national economic growth and unifying the country. This plan included a strong role for federal government through the implementation of a protective tariff, a national bank, and internal improvements such as roads and canals, all intended to strengthen the economy and create a sense of national unity during the early republic period.

Second Bank of the United States

A federally authorized national bank established in 1816, serving as a successor to the First Bank of the United States. It played a crucial role in stabilizing the American economy after the War of 1812, regulating currency and credit, and providing a central repository for federal funds. Its existence sparked significant political debate, reflecting the growing tensions between different regional interests and economic philosophies in the early 19th century.

Panic of 1819

The first major financial crisis in the United States, characterized by widespread economic downturn, bank failures, and high unemployment. This crisis marked a significant turning point in the U.S. economy and revealed the vulnerabilities of a growing nation, impacting politics and regional interests as different areas faced unique challenges.

McCullogh v. Maryland

1819: Supreme Court case decided that established the principles of federalism and the supremacy of federal law over state law. This decision arose when the state of Maryland attempted to tax the Second Bank of the United States, leading to a significant ruling that reinforced the power of the federal government and its ability to create institutions necessary for executing its powers.

Gibbons v. Ogden

1824: Supreme Court case decided that the scope of Congress's power to regulate interstate commerce. The case arose when the state of New York attempted to grant a monopoly over steamboat navigation on its waters, which conflicted with federal licensing granted to Gibbons. This ruling emphasized the supremacy of federal law over state law and established a broader interpretation of the commerce clause.

Missouri Compromise (1820)

Aimed to balance the power between slave and free states in the United States. It allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state while Maine entered as a free state, and it established a line at latitude 36°30' north of which slavery was prohibited in the Louisiana Territory, highlighting the growing sectional tensions over slavery.

Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)

The agreement, between Britain and the United States, that severely limited naval armament on the Great Lakes. It brought the last border fortifications down in 1870. The area was finally demilitarized and there was joint control of the Oregon territory on behalf of both countries

Significance: The United States and Canada have come to share the world's longest unfortified boundary at five thousand five hundred and twenty-seven miles

Florida Purchase Treaty (1819)

Agreement between the United States and Spain that ceded Florida to the U.S. and defined the boundary between the two nations. This treaty not only resolved longstanding territorial disputes but also highlighted the growing U.S. influence in North America and set the stage for westward expansion. The agreement demonstrated how regional interests in expansion and security were pivotal in shaping U.S. foreign policy during this era.

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

A U.S. foreign policy statement made by President Monroe that warned European nations against further colonization and intervention in the Americas. This doctrine established the Western Hemisphere as a sphere of American influence and marked a turning point in U.S. foreign relations, emphasizing a commitment to protecting emerging Latin American nations and asserting the United States' growing role on the global stage.

National Road

The first major federally funded highway in the United States, constructed in the early 19th century to facilitate westward expansion and economic development. Connected the eastern states to the western frontier, playing a crucial role in the Market Revolution by improving transportation and communication across long distances. The road represented a significant shift towards federal involvement in infrastructure and paved the way for the growth of trade and migration into the west.

Erie Canal

Man-made waterway that connects the Hudson River with Lake Erie, completed in 1825. It played a crucial role in the Market Revolution by significantly reducing transportation costs and time for goods, thereby facilitating trade and economic growth in the northern states. Its construction also reflected regional interests and tensions, as it opened up the interior of New York and connected the agricultural Midwest to the eastern markets, influencing political dynamics in the early 19th century.

Robert Fulton; Steam boats

Significantly increasing travel speed and efficiency. This innovation not only transformed trade and commerce but also had profound implications for the movement of people and goods, particularly in the context of expanding westward settlement and the growth of a market economy.

Eli Whitney; Interchangeable Parts; Cotton Gin

Components that are made to such precise standards that they can be easily substituted for one another in the manufacturing process. Enabled mass production and increased efficiency in manufacturing.

A machine that efficiently separated cotton fibers from seeds. This invention greatly increased the speed of cotton processing, leading to a surge in cotton production.

Factory System

A method of manufacturing that emerged during the Industrial Revolution, characterized by the use of machinery and the organization of labor in a single location to produce goods on a large scale. This system replaced the traditional cottage industry, leading to greater efficiency and productivity. Fundamental part of the Market Revolution, transforming the way goods were produced and impacting society's structure and economy.

Lowell System; Textile Mills

Industrial facilities where raw materials, primarily cotton, wool, and synthetic fibers, are processed and transformed into finished textile products, such as fabrics and clothing. Facilitated mass production, significantly increasing efficiency and output in the textile industry, and contributing to the economic growth of nations.

Industrialization

Transformative era, primarily in the late 18th to early 20th centuries, when economies shifted from agrarian-based systems to industrial and manufacturing-focused systems. This change not only spurred mass production and economic growth but also significantly influenced social structures, leading to the emergence of a middle class and innovations in technology that reshaped everyday life.

Specialization

Process where individuals or groups focus on specific tasks or roles in production, leading to increased efficiency and productivity. This concept was crucial during the onset of industrialization, as it allowed for greater output and improved quality of goods, ultimately transforming economies and societies.

Market Revolution

Dramatic transformation of the American economy in the early 19th century, characterized by a shift from subsistence farming to a more market-oriented agricultural and industrial economy. Advancements in transportation, communication, and technology, which connected regional markets and expanded the national economy. Significantly altered social relationships, labor systems, and economic structures across the United States.