Cell Divison

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Chromatid

Each strand of a duplicated chromosome.

Centromere

The area where each pair of chromatids is joined.

Centrioles

Tiny structures located in the cytoplasm.

Spindle

A fanlike microtubule structure that helps separate the chromatids.

Chromatin

DNA + histone proteins unraveled into DNA soup.

Chromosomes

How we organize DNA.

Mitosis

Asexual reproduction.

Interphase

G1, S, G2.

M phase

Mitosis, Cytokinesis.

Prophase

Duplicated chromosome condenses/becomes visible/centrioles move to opposite sides of nucleus to help organize the spindle.

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell/spindle fibers connect the centromere to the two centrioles.

Anaphase

Centromeres are pulled apart + the chromatids separate to become individual chromosomes.

Telophase

Chromosomes spread out in a tangle of chromatin/nucleus re-forms around each cluster of chromosomes/spindle breaks apart, and nucleus becomes visible in each daughter cell.

Cytokinesis

Membrane is drawn in until cytoplasm is pinched into 2 equal parts/each part contains its own nucleus/organelles.

Meiosis

Mitosis for gametes.

Meiosis 1

(IN GAMETES) Homologous chromosomes are separated into 2 cells/each cell has half as many chromosomes.

Prophase 1

Crossing over segments of non-sister chromatids/break and reattach to the other chromatid.

Metaphase 1

(MEIOSIS 1) Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell/spindle fibers connect the centromere to the two centrioles.

Anaphase 1

(MEIOSIS 1) Centromeres are pulled apart + the chromatids separate to become individual chromosomes.

Telophase 1

(MEIOSIS 1) Chromosomes spread out in a tangle of chromatin/nucleus re-forms around each cluster of chromosomes/spindle breaks apart, and nucleus becomes visible in each daughter cell.

Meiosis 2

Similar process to mitosis.

Prophase 2

(MEIOSIS 2) Duplicated chromosome condenses/becomes visible/centrioles move to opposite sides of nucleus to help organize the spindle.

Metaphase 2

(MEIOSIS 2) Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell/spindle fibers connect the centromere to the two centrioles.

Anaphase 2

(MEIOSIS 2) Centromeres are pulled apart + the chromatids separate to become individual chromosomes.

Telophase 2

(MEIOSIS) Chromosomes spread out in a tangle of chromatin/nucleus re-forms around each cluster of chromosomes/spindle breaks apart, and nucleus becomes visible in each daughter cell/now there are 4 haploid (n) daughter cells.

Fertilization

Fusion of sperm and egg to form a zygote.

Spermatogenesis

Process of using meiosis to make sperm—each sperm has 23 chromosomes.

Oogenesis

Process of using meiosis to make an egg—the result is 3 small polar bodies which gave all of its nutrients to the ovum.

Gamete

A reproductive cell (sperm or egg) that contains half the number of chromosomes as a regular body cell.

Cyclins

a family of proteins that regulate the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells

Internal regulators

respond to events inside the cell

External regulators

respond to events outside the cell

Growth factors

external regulators that stimulate the growth/division of cells

Apoptosis

process of programmed cell death/plays a role in development by shaping the structure of tissues, organs in plant, animals.

Cancer

body cells lose the ability to control all growth/ cancer cells divide uncontrollably to form a mass of cells (tumor)

Benign tumor

non cancerous

Malignant tumor

Cancerous/ spreads easily (metastasis)

Treatments

chemotherapy/radiation/surgery \