Studied by 3 people
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Chromatid
Each strand of a duplicated chromosome.
Centromere
The area where each pair of chromatids is joined.
Centrioles
Tiny structures located in the cytoplasm.
Spindle
A fanlike microtubule structure that helps separate the chromatids.
Chromatin
DNA + histone proteins unraveled into DNA soup.
Chromosomes
How we organize DNA.
Mitosis
Asexual reproduction.
Interphase
G1, S, G2.
M phase
Mitosis, Cytokinesis.
Prophase
Duplicated chromosome condenses/becomes visible/centrioles move to opposite sides of nucleus to help organize the spindle.
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell/spindle fibers connect the centromere to the two centrioles.
Anaphase
Centromeres are pulled apart + the chromatids separate to become individual chromosomes.
Telophase
Chromosomes spread out in a tangle of chromatin/nucleus re-forms around each cluster of chromosomes/spindle breaks apart, and nucleus becomes visible in each daughter cell.
Cytokinesis
Membrane is drawn in until cytoplasm is pinched into 2 equal parts/each part contains its own nucleus/organelles.
Meiosis
Mitosis for gametes.
Meiosis 1
(IN GAMETES) Homologous chromosomes are separated into 2 cells/each cell has half as many chromosomes.
Prophase 1
Crossing over segments of non-sister chromatids/break and reattach to the other chromatid.
Metaphase 1
(MEIOSIS 1) Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell/spindle fibers connect the centromere to the two centrioles.
Anaphase 1
(MEIOSIS 1) Centromeres are pulled apart + the chromatids separate to become individual chromosomes.
Telophase 1
(MEIOSIS 1) Chromosomes spread out in a tangle of chromatin/nucleus re-forms around each cluster of chromosomes/spindle breaks apart, and nucleus becomes visible in each daughter cell.
Meiosis 2
Similar process to mitosis.
Prophase 2
(MEIOSIS 2) Duplicated chromosome condenses/becomes visible/centrioles move to opposite sides of nucleus to help organize the spindle.
Metaphase 2
(MEIOSIS 2) Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell/spindle fibers connect the centromere to the two centrioles.
Anaphase 2
(MEIOSIS 2) Centromeres are pulled apart + the chromatids separate to become individual chromosomes.
Telophase 2
(MEIOSIS) Chromosomes spread out in a tangle of chromatin/nucleus re-forms around each cluster of chromosomes/spindle breaks apart, and nucleus becomes visible in each daughter cell/now there are 4 haploid (n) daughter cells.
Fertilization
Fusion of sperm and egg to form a zygote.
Spermatogenesis
Process of using meiosis to make sperm—each sperm has 23 chromosomes.
Oogenesis
Process of using meiosis to make an egg—the result is 3 small polar bodies which gave all of its nutrients to the ovum.
Gamete
A reproductive cell (sperm or egg) that contains half the number of chromosomes as a regular body cell.
Cyclins
a family of proteins that regulate the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells
Internal regulators
respond to events inside the cell
External regulators
respond to events outside the cell
Growth factors
external regulators that stimulate the growth/division of cells
Apoptosis
process of programmed cell death/plays a role in development by shaping the structure of tissues, organs in plant, animals.
Cancer
body cells lose the ability to control all growth/ cancer cells divide uncontrollably to form a mass of cells (tumor)
Benign tumor
non cancerous
Malignant tumor
Cancerous/ spreads easily (metastasis)
Treatments
chemotherapy/radiation/surgery \
