quiz 4 history

July Crisis

The diplomatic crisis in July 1914 that followed the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, leading to a series of events that triggered World War I.

Testament of Youth

A memoir by Vera Brittain, published in 1933, recounting her experiences as a nurse during World War I and the personal losses she endured.

February Revolution

The 1917 revolution in Russia that led to the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and the establishment of a provisional government by the Duma.

October Revolution

The 1917 revolution in Russia where the Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, overthrew the provisional government.

Bolsheviks

A Marxist political faction led by Vladimir Lenin that seized power in Russia during the October Revolution of 1917.

The Fourteen Points

A set of principles for peace proposed by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson in 1918, aimed at establishing a fair and lasting peace after World War I.

Treaty of Versailles

The 1919 peace treaty that officially ended World War I, imposing heavy reparations and territorial losses on Germany.

Mandate System

A system established after World War I for governing former German and Ottoman territories as 'mandates' by Allied powers.

Russian Civil War

A conflict between the Bolshevik Red Army and the anti-Bolshevik White Army from 1918 to 1920, leading to the establishment of the USSR.

New Economic Policy (NEP)

A policy adopted by the Bolsheviks in 1921, allowing for some private property and trade to recover Soviet agriculture post-civil war.

Revolution from Above

Major societal or economic changes initiated by a country's ruling elite or government rather than grassroots movements.

Collectivization

A policy in the Soviet Union where individual landholdings were combined into collective farms to increase agricultural production.

Great Terror

A period of intense political repression in the Soviet Union from 1936 to 1938, characterized by widespread arrests and executions.

Nuremberg Laws

A set of anti-Semitic laws implemented in Nazi Germany in 1935 that stripped Jewish people of citizenship and rights.

Kristallnacht

A coordinated attack on Jewish communities in Germany on November 9–10, 1938, marking a significant escalation in anti-Semitic policies.

Great Depression

A severe global economic downturn that began in 1929 with the U.S. stock market crash, leading to widespread unemployment and suffering.