quiz 4 history

Chapter 24

July Crisis: The diplomatic crisis in July 1914 that followed the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, leading to a series of events that triggered World War I as European powers escalated tensions and declared war.

Testament of Youth: A memoir by Vera Brittain, published in 1933, recounting her experiences as a nurse during World War I and the personal losses she endured, capturing the disillusionment and tragedy of the war generation.

February & October Revolutions: Two 1917 revolutions in Russia. The February Revolution led to the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II, and the establishment of a provisional government by the Duma, committed to continuing Russia’s involvement in World War I. The October Revolution saw the Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, overthrow this government and establish Soviet rule.

Bolsheviks: A Marxist political faction led by Vladimir Lenin that seized power in Russia during the October Revolution of 1917, establishing a communist state and forming the basis of the future Soviet Union.

The Fourteen Points: A set of principles for peace proposed by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson in 1918, aiming to establish a fair and lasting peace after World War I. They influenced the Treaty of Versailles negotiations and called for self-determination, free trade, and the establishment of a League of Nations.

Treaty of Versailles: The 1919 peace treaty that officially ended World War I, imposing heavy reparations and territorial losses on Germany. The treaty contributed to economic hardship and political instability in Germany, setting the stage for World War II.

Mandate System: A system established after World War I by the League of Nations, where former German and Ottoman territories were governed by Allied powers as "mandates" until they were deemed ready for self-governance.

Chapter 25

Russian Civil War (1918-1920) - A conflict between the Bolshevik Red Army and the anti-Bolshevik White Army following the 1917 Russian Revolution. The Bolsheviks ultimately won, establishing Soviet control over Russia and leading to the creation of the USSR in 1922. The war caused massive casualties and hardship due to fighting, famine, and disease.

New Economic Policy (1921) - In 1921, the Bolsheviks abandoned war communism in favor of the New Economic Policy (NEP). Under the NEP, the state still controlled all major industry and financial concerns, while individuals could own private property, trade freely within limits, and farm their own land for their own benefit. Fixed taxes replaced grain requisition. The policy successfully helped Soviet agriculture recover from the civil war but was later abandoned in favor of collectivization.

Revolution from Above: A term used to describe major societal or economic changes initiated by a country's ruling elite or government rather than grassroots movements. This approach typically involves top-down reforms or policies intended to modernize or transform society. Examples include industrialization under Stalin in the Soviet Union and the Meiji Restoration in Japan.

Collectivization: A policy primarily associated with the Soviet Union under Stalin, in which individual landholdings and farms were combined into collective farms. The goal was to consolidate agriculture to increase production, control food supplies, and support industrialization. However, it often led to widespread famine and hardship for peasants.

Great Terror: Also known as the Great Purge, this was a period of intense political repression in the Soviet Union from 1936 to 1938 under Joseph Stalin. During this time, millions of people were arrested, executed, or sent to labor camps on accusations of being "enemies of the people," as Stalin sought to eliminate perceived threats to his power.

Nuremberg Laws: A set of anti-Semitic laws implemented in Nazi Germany in 1935. These laws stripped Jewish people of German citizenship, prohibited marriage and sexual relations between Jews and "Aryans," and laid the foundation for further persecution, including the Holocaust.

Kristallnacht: Often translated as "The Night of Broken Glass," Kristallnacht took place on November 9–10, 1938, in Nazi Germany. During this coordinated attack on Jewish communities, synagogues, homes, and businesses were destroyed, and many Jewish people were arrested or killed. It marked a significant escalation in Nazi anti-Semitic policies.

Great Depression: A severe global economic downturn that began in 1929 with the U.S. stock market crash and lasted through most of the 1930s. The Great Depression caused widespread unemployment, poverty, and suffering worldwide, with long-lasting social and economic impacts.