Unit 8: Clinical Psychology

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Humanistic school

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66 Terms

1

Humanistic school

suggests that disordered behavior is a result of people being too sensitive to the criticisms and judgments of others

  • problems arise b/c a client’s goodness have been stifled by external factors

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Behavioral approach

aims to change unhealthy behavior patterns tconditioning

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Sociocultural approach

psychologists look at an individual's behavior based on the influence of the individual's culture

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4

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)

the American Psychiatric Association’s handbook for the identification and classification of behavioral disorders

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5

Intellectual disability

characterized by delayed development in general mental abilities

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Autism spectrum disorder

involves persistent challenges in social interaction, speech, nonverbal communication, and restricted/repetitive behaviors

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Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

ongoing pattern of inattention and/hyperactivity that interferes with functioning

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Delusions

falsely held beliefs that persist

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Hallucinations

false/distorted perception that seems vividly real to the person experiencing it

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10

Bipolar disorders

a mental disorder involving periods of depression alternating with periods of mania

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depressive disorders

depressed mood or loss of pleasure or interest in activities for long periods of time

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Panic disorder

an anxiety disorder characterized by recurring panic attacks, as well as the constant worry of another panic attack occurring

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

disorder in which people are almost constantly plagued by exaggerated worries

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Phobias

persistent, irrational fears of common events or objects, are also anxiety disorders.

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Agoraphobia

the fear of being in open/public spaces from which escape is perceived to be difficult

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Obsessions

irrational, intrusive thoughts that distresses the person

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Compulsions

are repetitive behaviors that one feels compelled to perform

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post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

triggered by exposure to a highly traumatic event, resulting memories of the event and avoidance of stimuli/situations associated with the event

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dissociative amnesia

inability to recall life events that goes far beyond normal forgetting

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dissociative identity disorder

presence of two or more distinct personality states

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Somatic symptom disorder

extreme, exaggerated anxiety about physical symptoms

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Conversion disorder

bodily symptoms that can’t be explained through neurological/medical conditions

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Factitious disorder

in which an individual knowingly falsified symptoms in order to get medical care, or sympathy or aid from others.

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Anorexia nervosa

eating disorder characterized by distorted body image, with a fear of being overweight

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Bulimia nervosa

marked by binging followed by methods to avoid gaining weight (throwing up)

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Binge-eating disorder

cycles of binge eating and weight gain

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Cluster A

  • odd & eccentric

  • includes paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders

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Cluster B

  • dramatic, overly emotional, & unpredictable thinking

  • includes antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders.

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Borderline personality disorder

long patterns of unstable/explosive emotions

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Histrionic personality disorder

involves a pattern of excessive emotionality and attention-seeking

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Narcissistic personality disorder

pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, & lack of empathy

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Cluster C

  • feelings of anxiousness/fearfulness

  • includes avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders.

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Avoidant personality disorder

characterized by low self-esteem, fear of rejection, and fear of judgement

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Dependent personality disorder

is marked by an excessive need to be cared for, leading to clingy and submissive behavior and fears of separation.

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Obsessive-compulsive Disorder (OCD)

troubled by repetition and compulsive thoughts

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Psychoanalysis

aims to treat mental disorders by investigating the interaction of conscious and unconscious elements in the mind

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Countertransference

when he therapist transfers his or her own feelings onto the patient

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Client-centered therapy

the act of a therapist using active listening & unconditional positive regard to gain personal insight on a client

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Unconditional positive regard

refers to a therapist’s attitude of acceptance and warmth towards their patient

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Accurate empathic understanding

is the ability to accurately understand and identify what someone else is feeling.

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Counterconditioning

a behavioral technique used in therapy which involves replacing an unwanted response to a stimulus with a desired response

ex: associating public speaking with positive experiences or rewards to alleviate the fear response

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42

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

a form of treatment in which high voltages of electricity are passed across a patient’s head (brain seizures)

  • treats depression

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43

Psychopharmacology

is the treatment of psychological and behavioral maladaptations with drugs.

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Antipsychotics

drugs that are used to treat schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders

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Antidepressants

category of prescribe medication that alleviates symptoms of depression

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Lithium carbonate

a salt, is effective in the treatment of bipolar disorder

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Group therapy

in which clients meet together with a therapist as an interactive group

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Alzheimer’s Disease

causes brain cells to degenerate and die leading to severe cognitive decline

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Delirium

abrupt changes in the brain that causes mental confusion or emotional disruption

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Schizophrenia

in which the ability to function is impaired by severely distorted beliefs, perceptions, and thought processes

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Illness Anxiety Disorder

involves an excessive and irrational fear of having a serious illness

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Histrionic Personality Disorder

pattern of excessive emotionality & attention seeking

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Antisocial Personality Disorder

lack of conscience/wrongdoing towards others

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Systematic Desensitization

a behavioral therapy used to treat phobias by gradually associating feared stimuli with relaxing stimuli

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Aversive Conditioning

the use of something unpleasant to stop an unwanted behavior

ex: associating nausea with drinking

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Behavior Modification

therapeutic approach designed to change a particular undesirable negative behavior by using a system of rewards and consequences

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Token Economy

positive behaviors are reinforced with tokens which can be exchanged for extrinsic rewards

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Cognitive Approach/Therapy

designed to find maladaptive and harmful thought patterns and to replace them with healthier ones

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Rational Emotive Therapy (RET)

based on the idea that psychological problems are the results of self defeating thoughts

  1. Activate: identify the event that caused the anxiety (ex. failing test)

  2. Belief: identify the beliefs that result of that event (ex. terrible student)

  3. Consequence about the action (won’t get into dream school)

  • change in belief=change in consequences

  • positive belief=less defeating thoughts

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Cognitive Triad Therapy

looks at what a person thinks about their self, their world, and their future

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Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT)

therapeutic technique that aims to change a client's maladaptive cognitions and behaviors into more realistic ones

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Insight Therapy

a type of therapy that helps clients understand how events in their past are negatively influencing their current thoughts, emotions, and behaviors

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Free Association (Psychoanalysis)

a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind

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Interpersonal Therapy

a form of psychotherapy that focuses on improving interpersonal relationships and addressing emotional difficulties

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Active Listening

technique in which the therapist verbally and communicates interest in what the client is saying in order to encourage openness

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Meta Analysis

a procedure for statistically combing the results of many different research studies

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