APUSH - Full Units

Central/South America + Southwest US

Central/South America = Aztecs; Incas; Mayans

Southwest US = Pueblos
- Advanced Irrigation
- Semi-permanent Settlement (Cave Dwellings)
- Key crops: Maize, Beans

Northwest

Dependency on hunting and gathering
- Fishing near pacific borders

Great Plains

Sioux
- Nomadic Hunting
- Dry Climate

Midwest

- Least Native Tribes
- Built Mounds

Northeast + Atlantic Seaboard

Algonquin

- Relied on hunting and gathering + Agriculture
- Fish, Farming, Timber

Came into contact with Europeans first

Reasons For European Exploration (Economic)

- Looking for new trade routes to Asia
- Improvements in Technology
- Compass (Arab)
- Gunpowder (China)
- New potential sources of Wealth
- Join-stock Companies

Reasons For European Exploration (Political)

- Competition with European Countries
Catholic: Spain, Portugal
Protestant: England, Netherlands, Germany

Reasons For European Exploration (Cultural)

- Desire to spread religion, convert
Both Protestant and Catholic
- Racial and Ethnic Domination

Join Stock Companies

- Buy stock (small piece of ownership) and share success and failures
- Help fund explorations
- Part of new economic system = capitalism

Christopher Columbus

- Looking for trade routes to Asia, ends up in America.
- Begins contact with Natives (Algonquin)
- Leads to Columbian Exchange

Columbian Exchange

- Exchange of plants, animals, ideas and diseases between Americas and Europe

Impact of Columbian Echange (For Europe & For Americas)

- Europe: Positive
1) Population Growth (New source of food and nutrition) - Economic Growth (New sources of wealth)

2) Transition from feudalism to capitalism

- Americas: Not so positive
1) New sources of food and animals (to help with agriculture)

2) Disease
- Ultimate Population Loss

Feudalism

- System in which people gave kings and lords money and worked in exchange for protection.

Capitalism

System where resources and production are privately owned. Prices, production and distribution of goods are driven by free-market competition

Conquistadores

- Aka: Conquerors
- Carried out Spanish conquest of America in Central + South America.
- E.g: Florida, New Mexico, Texas, California.

Economic System (2) + Social System (1)

- Encomienda System: system where conquistadores were rewarded with land, and non-spanish laborers. - Non spanish laborers rewarded with 1) Protection 2) Ability to learn about Christianity

- Asiento System: system where Spanish brought enslaved workers from West Africa to work.
- Had to pay king to access Spanish colonies. - Occured due to deaths of natives from brutality and disease.

- Caste System: racial classifying system Spaniards > New Spain Spaniards > Spanish/Native > Native > Enslaved Africans

Spanish Treatment of Natives

- A lot of Violence + conflict
- See encomienda, asiento, caste system
- Stronger Native American Resistance

English Treatment of Natives

- Less direct contact (Lived seperately)
- Mutual cooperation first, would later face conflict.

French Treatment of Natives

- Most cooperation
- Realized how Spanish were treating Natives, so had treaties to gain more power (Natives new land)
- Set up trading posts to exchange with Natives. - Would later fight with them in later conflict

Encomienda System

Economic system where conquistadores were rewarded with land and non Spanish labors.

- Non Spanish laborers were given protection and ability to learn about Christianity.

Asiento System + Why?

Economic system where slaves were brought from West Africa to work in Americas.

- Occurred after many deaths from Native Americans due to diseases and brutality.

• Slave traders had to pay kings to access Spanish Colonies.

Caste System

Social System - Racial classifying system

Tribes - Central/South America

Aztecs; Mayans; Incas

- Advanced Irrigation System
- Key crops: Maize, Beans

Tribes - Southwest America

Pueblos

- Semi-permanent settlement: Cave Dwellings

Tribes - Great Plains

Sioux

- nomadic hunting
- dry climate

Tribes - Northeast + Atlantic Seabord

Algonquin

- Hunting and gathering + agriculture
- Fish, Farming, Timber

- Came into contact with Europeans first

Categories of Thirteen Colonies (3)

1) Corporate Colonies: Operated by join-stock companies

2) Royal Colonies: Under direct control of king

3) Proprietary Colonies: Under authority of individuals but transferred from king.

Corporate Colonies

Operated by join-stock companies

Royal Colonies

Under direct control of British King

Proprietary Colonies

Under authority of individuals but granted authorization from king.

House of Burgesses date

1619

House of Burgesses

1619 - First representative political institution Representation and voting was reserved for white male property owners.

Chesapeake Colony - Politics

House of Burgesses (1619)

Chesapeake Colony - Economics

Relied on agriculture (tobacco)

Bacon's Rebellion (1676)

Chesapeake Colony - Religion

Both Catholic + Protestant, lenient for religion.

Act of Toleration (1689)

Act of Toleration date

1689

Act Of Toleration

Granting religious freedom (1689) in Chesapeake Colonies

Bacon's Rebellion Date

1676

Bacon's Rebellion

1676 - Due to unequal land ownership + political control was very concentrated

- Showed resistance to royal control
- In Chesapeake Colony

New England Colonies - Politics:

Pilgrims on Mayflower sign "Mayflower Compact"

+ held "Town Meetings"

New England Colonies - Religion:

Puritans, strict religion, some banished from Massachusetts (Roger Williams)

New England Colonies - Economics:

Weak economy, agricultural land was rocky,

relied on exports and ocean based trading.

Logging, Fishing, Shipbuilding

Roger Williams

Banished from Massachussets, established Rhode Island.

Mayflower Compact

(1620) - Document signed as an agreement to become a government, obey government and obey laws. Work together for good of their colony. Early example of representative democracy

Mayflower Compact Date

1620

Town Meetings

Discussed various matters, early example of direct democracy

Puritans

Aka Pillgrims, a person who travels to a sacred place for religious reasons.

Middle Colonies - Economics:

Export Based (grains), excellent agricultural land.

Middle Colonies - Religion/Culture:

Most diverse of colonies
- High degree of religious tolerance (religious freedom)

E.g William Penn for Quakers

Southern Colonies - Economy:

- Intensive Agriculture, plantation agriculture (Tobacco, Sugar) - Led to rise of slavery

Southern Colonies - Religion:

Least religious colony

Mercantilism + Examples

Become self sufficient, minimize imports from other countries + export a lot.

Examples: Navigation Act, Triangular Trade

Navigation Acts constituted of (3):

- Trade only with English, with English ships,

- Goods imported to colonies, had to pass England first.

- Certain products only exported to England (tobacco)


Result: - Hurt Chesapeake and Southern Colonies (export based

Enforcement: Lenient, called Salutary Neglect: rules and laws were loose on colonies and trade.

Triangular Trade

Sugar, Tobacco, and cotton to Europe Rum, Textile, and manufactured goods to Africa Slaves to Americas

New England Interactions with Natives (1)

King Philip's War (1675-1676) - Won by colonists, prelude to later conflicts

Spanish Rule Interactions with Natives (1)

Pueblo Revolt (1680)

Pueblo Revolt Data

1680

Pueblo Revolt (Date + Result)

1680 - Pueblo rebellion against Spanish Rule - led to Spanish reducing harshness of rule.

E.g Spanish adopted village planning of Pueblos.

Indentured Servants

- Englishmen would have journeys to colonies paid for in exchange for labor for a period of time.

- Due to need for labor for cash crops (tobacco)

- However, only provided labor for a short period, thus second option was slavery.

Reasons for demand is slavery (3)

A) Less Migrants from England

B) Unreliability of Indentured Servants - Short period of labor - Rebellions (Pueblo Revolt)

C) Demand for colonial agricultural products

Chattel Slavery

- Enslaved = legal property

- Children of slaves born into slavery as well.

Colonial Society - Effects on Demographics

Significant population growth (by ten fold) in 18th century.
- Due to slaves, but not all

- High Birth Rate + Immigration
E.g First Wave of Us Immigration - From British Islands/Isles Scotland, Wales, England, Ireland - Some German & Dutch

Colonial Society - Effects on Social Structure (2)

- Narrower Class System
(Between landowners and workers/farmers)

- More social mobility (Except African Americans)

Colonial Society - Effects on Religion (2)

More south = more lenient
[ New England = most protestant, Southern Colonies = Least protestant ]

Many dissatisfied with elements of branch.

Overtime people became dissatisfied with options.

Congregationalists = very strict Anglican = aligned with Church of England

First Great Awakening

(1730s and 1740s)

Time of increased interest in religion.
- Low before
- Birth of another form of Protestantism = Evangelicalism

Evangelicalism

Least strict Focused on Spiritual Rebirth (Reborn again)

More personal

Key Preachers: Jonathan Edwards, George Whitfield

Significance of First Great Awakening (3)

A) Gap grows between traditional and newer forms of branches.

B) First common experience amongst colonists
- Nationalism and National Identity formed

C) Challenge of authority (rebellions)

National Culture (3)

A) Architecture
- E.g Symmetrical Structure: Harvard bricks

B) Literature - E.g Newspapers
- Freedom of Press encourage (Zenger Case)

C) Education (Private)

Politics In Colonies (3 Branches + Key)

- Legislative (Makes laws) = Most Colonies

1) Senate
2) House of Representatives

- Executive (Enforces Laws) = Some colonies

- Judicial (court system) = Not really any

Key: colonies had some form of democracy.

Chesapeake Colonies:

Virginia, Maryland

New England Colonies:

Massachussets, Conneticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire

Middle Colonies:

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware

Southern Colonies:

North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia

Zenger Case

1735 - Allowed for the freedom of press in colonies (after criticizing the government)

7 Year's War [French and Indian War]

1754 - 1763 [ Treaty of Paris]

17th and 18th century, a lot of competition + conflict between European Powers

- Especially between England and France (1754-1763)

- Conflict between England and France spills over to territories in North America.

- French Forces allied with Native Americans.
E.g Economically: Fur Trading

- Expanding British colonial population threatened these trade networks.

- British invade French territories and French lose (took long since British army very disorganized)

- France give up Quebec

Fur Trading

Trading of fur for European goods, crucial economic activity which was important for shaping the relationships between French and Native Indians Tribes.

Albany Plan of Union

(1754)

Key event, an attempt to come together to organize a coordinated colonial government to help in war effort.

- Recruiting troops; collecting taxes

(Unsuccessful, but it set a standard that colonies could come together if they needed to in the future)

Albany Plan of Union date

1754

Impact of Seven Years War (4)

1) Established Great Britain supremacy in North America

2) Great Britain questions abilities of colonists

- Results: Salutary Neglect is abandoned (Britain becomes more powerful in monitoring colonies)

- Pontiac's Rebellion (1763-1764)

3) Continued desire for colonial expansion

- Colonists proud of efforts during war.

- Proclamation of 1763: British set limits for colonial expansion, to prevent future conflict with natives (Angers Colonists)

4) Need for British to raise more money, war is expensive.

Key: Britain becomes more strict with colonists, colonists see this as a threat to liberty.

Pontiac's Rebellion date

1763

Proclamation of 1763

British-produced barrier to prevent British colonial expansion, in an effort to prevent future conflict with Native Americans.

Pontiac's Rebellion

Conflict between Native Americans and colonists: British send their own troops rather than relying on colonists. Shows: Great Britain questioning abilities of colonies

Sugar Act of 1764

Tax on Sugar; required colonial merchants to pay taxes to import sugar

Quartering Act of 1765

Required colonists to house and feed soldiers

Stamp Act of 1765

Required all important pieces of paper in colonies to have a British stamp that came from Britain.

- Basically a tax on stamps.

- First direct tax on colonists, directly affect everyone.

Declaratory Act of 1766

Declarated that parliament (government) had right to make whatever taxes/laws they wanted, for the colonies. (An act to declare that they could make more acts)

Result of Taxation for Representation

Colonies became more pissed off.

Key individual: Patrick Henry

- Colonies were being taxed without being represented in British Parliament. (They didn't have a say on taxes since they weren't represented in British Parliament)

First Round of Taxes/Acts (4)

1) Sugar Act (1764)
2) Quartering Act (1765)
3) Stamp Act (1765)
4) Declaratory Act (1766)

Second Round of Taxes/Acts (1) + Results (2)

1) Townshend Acts (1767-1768)

- Another round on taxes, on various colonial products.
- Tea, glass, paper Key: became more personal

Result: Colonial response becomes more intense


Results:
1) Boston Massacre (1770)

Colonists harassed group of soldiers in Boston that were collected taxes, soldiers fire on colonist and kill.

2) Boston Tea Party (1773) Colonists drop tea in Boston harbor in rejection of tax on tea.

Boston Massacre

1770 - Colonists harassed group of soldiers collecting taxes. They end up getting shot and killed.

Boston Massacre date

1770

Boston Tea Party

1773 - Colonist dump tea in Boston Harbor in rejection of Tea Act.

Boston Tea Party date

1773

Third Round of Taxes/Acts (2)

Revolved Around: Intolerable Acts

Coercive Act (1774)
- Closed Boston Port,
- Prohibit export and imports
- Reducing power of Massachussets government

Quebec Act (1774)
- Expand Territory of Quebec
- Make it like a province of England.
- Took it from colonies ownership. Full territory of Great Britain.

Result: Colonial Anger - took away territory from colonies.

Coercive Acts of 1774

Close Boston Port - Prohibiting exports and imports - Reducing power of Massachussets government - Expansion of Quartering act, since more soldiers coming to colonies.

Quebec Act of 1774

Expand territory of Quebec - Sort of made it a province of England. - Took it from colonies ownership - colonial anger, took away territory from colonies.

Factors that led to Revolutionary War (4)

- 1) First Great Awakening - Challenging existing state of religion

- 2) 7 Year's War (French and Indian War)

- 3) Taxation Without Representation

- 4) Enlightenment - Challenging existing state of politics

Ideas emerged from European Enlightenment (3)

A) Rationalism - Human reason is the key to understanding the world

B) Human Rights - All human beings have certain rights (John Locke)

C) Social Construct
- Government is a contract between people and rulers. Government only have power because people agree to let them lead. (Jean-jacques Rousseau)

John Locke

Advocated for Natural Rights

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Advocated for Social Contract