Chapter 12: Alcohols, Ethers, Aldehydes, and Ketones

Alcohol

The functional group known as a hydroxyl group replaces a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon.

hydrocarbon

The functional group known as a hydroxyl group replaces a hydrogen atom in a ______.

Methanol

The simplest alcohol and is found in many solvents and paint removers.

Ethanol

It has been known as an intoxicating product formed by the fermentation of grains, sugars, and starches.

Glycerol

A trihydroxy alcohol and a viscous liquid obtained from oils and fats during the production of soaps.

Ethylene Glycol

It is used as an antifreeze in heating and cooling systems. It is also a solvent for paints, inks, and plastics, and it is used in the production of synthetic fibers.

Bisphenol A

It is used to make polycarbonate, a clear plastic that is used to manufacture beverage bottles, including baby bottles.

Thiols

These contain a sulfur atom, shown in yellow-green in the ball-and-stick model, which makes a thiol similar to alcohol except that —OH is replaced by an —SH group.

Phenol

* The hydroxyl group replaces a hydrogen atom attached to a benzene ring.
* These are found in several of the essential oils of plants, which produce the odor or flavor of the plant.

Eugenol

It is found in cloves, vanillins, isoeugenol, and thymol.

Thymol

It has a pleasant, minty taste and is used in mouthwashes and by dentists to disinfect a cavity before adding a filling compound.

Ether

* The functional group consists of an oxygen atom, which is attached to two carbon atoms.
* They have a bent structure like water and alcohols except both hydrogen atoms are replaced by carbon groups.

Primary (1°) Alcohol

It has one alkyl group attached to the carbon atom bonded to the –OH group.

Secondary (2°) Alcohol

It has two alkyl groups attached to the carbon atom bonded to the –OH group.

Tertiary (3°) Alcohol

It has three alkyl groups attached to the carbon atom bonded to the –OH group.

miscible

Alcohols with one to three carbon atoms are ____ in water, which means any amount of the alcohol is completely soluble in water.

slightly soluble

Phenol is _____ in water because the —OH group can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules.

Phenol

It is very corrosive and highly irritating to the skin; it can cause severe burns, and ingestion can be fatal.

Joseph Lister

He is considered a pioneer in antiseptic surgery and was the first to sterilize surgical instruments and dressings with phenol, which was initially named carbolic acid.

Antiseptic

A substance applied to the skin to kill microorganisms that cause infection.

Aldehyde

* The carbon of the carbonyl group is bonded to at least one hydrogen atom.
* That carbon may also be bonded to another hydrogen atom, a carbon of an alkyl group, or an aromatic ring.

Ketones

The carbonyl group is bonded to two alkyl groups or aromatic rings.

dehydration reaction,

In a _____ alcohols lose a water molecule when they are heated with an acid catalyst such as H2SO4.

Oxidation of Alcohols

In organic chemistry, it involves the addition of oxygen or a loss of hydrogen atoms. There is an increase in the number of carbon–oxygen bonds.

aldehyde

The oxidation of primary alcohol produces an ____.

ketones

The oxidation of secondary alcohol produces ____.

Tertiary alcohols

These do not oxidize readily because there is no hydrogen atom on the carbon bonded to the —OH group.

Reduction of Alcohols

In organic chemistry, the product has fewer bonds between carbon and oxygen.

disulfide bond

Thiols also undergo oxidation by the loss of hydrogen atoms from each of the two —SH groups. The oxidized product contains a _____.

Aldehydes

These oxidize further by the addition of another O to form a carboxylic acid, which has a carboxyl functional group.

Tollens’ Test

It uses a solution of Ag+ and ammonia, which oxidizes aldehydes but not ketones.

Benedict’s Test

It gives a positive result with compounds that have an aldehyde functional group and an adjacent hydroxyl group.

sodium borohydride / hydrogen.

Aldehydes and ketones are reduced by ______

carbonyl group

A catalyst such as nickel, platinum, or palladium is needed for the addition of hydrogen to the ______.