PHBioChem (Lecture) | Module 1: BASIC CONCEPTS OF BIOCHEMISTRY

Biology

study of living things and their vital processes that deals with all the physicochemical aspects of life.

Chemistry

study of the composition, structure and properties of matter. Often known as the central science, it is a creative discipline chiefly concerned with atomic and molecular structure and its change, for instance through chemical reactions.

Biochemistry

The study of the chemical substances found in the living organisms and chemical interactions of these substances with each other

Biochemistry

To understand life in molecular terms

Biochemistry

To describe the structure, organization, and functions of living matter in molecular terms.

Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides

Lipids

Fatty acids

Proteins

Amino acids

Nucleic Acids

Nucleotides

Biomolecules

“our building blocks”

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids

4 Major Biomolecules

Biochemical Substances

A chemical substance found within a living organism.

Bioinorganic Substances

Substances that do not contain carbon

Bioorganic Substances

Substances that contain carbon

Water, and Inorganic Salts

Bioinorganic Substances consists of what two things?

70%

BIOINORGANIC SUBSTANCES: Water contains?

About 5%

BIOINORGANIC SUBSTANCES: Inorganic salt contains?

Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates, and Nucleic Acids

Bioorganic Substances consists of what four things?

About 15%

BIOORGANIC SUBSTANCES: Proteins contain?

About 8%

BIOORGANIC SUBSTANCES: Lipids contains?

About 2%

BIOORGANIC SUBSTANCES: Carbohydrates contains?

About 2%

BIOORGANIC SUBSTANCES: Nucleic Acids contain?

Bioinorganic Substances

These are much more abundant than bioorganic substances.

Proteins

Which is the most abundant type of bioorganic substance, by mass, in the human body?

Organic Compounds

• Contain carbon

• Most are covalently bonded

• Example: GLUCOSE ↳ simple sugar (monosaccharide)

Inorganic Compounds

• Lack carbon

• Tend to be simpler compounds

• Example: WATER

Cells

These are not all the same. All share general structures

Robert Hooke

He observed plant tissues in cork which is divided by compartments called cellulae (1665)

Cellulae

Robert Hooke observed plant tissues in cork which is divided by compartments called?

Micrographia

documentation of Hooke’s work on Cella (latin) which means storeroom/ small container

60 to 100 trillion

Cells in the human body averages over?

• Cells nourish themselves, produce energy exchange information, multiply and eventually die

Before

PRO (Greek Word) in Prokaryotic means?

True

EU (Greek Word) in EUKARYOTIC means?

Chromatophores

Chloroplast: photosynthesis localized in?

Sedimentation Coefficient

Ribosome: 70S, 80S. What S means?

Nucleus, Cytoplasm, and Cell Membrane

Cells are organized into?

Nucleus

Control center of the cell. Contains genetic material (DNA)

Nuclear membrane/envelope, Nucleolus, and Chromatin

Three Regions of Nucleus

90 Angstrom

Size of nuclear membrane in angstrom

Nucleolus

Site of ribosome synthesis

Chromatin

Composed of DNA and protein. When cells divide, this condenses into chromosome

23

Humans have _____ pairs of chromosomes.

Trisomy

A ____________ is a chromosomal condition characterized by an additional chromosome

Down Syndrome

It is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21

Mongolism

Down syndrome is also known as?

21

Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome?

Edward Syndrome

It is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of a third copy of all or part of chromosome 18

18

Edward syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of a third copy of all or part of chromosome?

Patau Syndrome

It is a serious, rare genetic disorder caused by having an additional copy of chromosome 13 in some or all of the body's cells.

13

Patau syndrome is a serious, rare genetic disorder caused by having an additional copy of chromosome __ in some or all of the body's cells.

Superfemale

It is a chromosome disorder in which a female has an extra copy of the X chromosome.

Klinefelter Syndrome

It s a chromosome anomaly where a male has an extra X chromosome. The complications commonly include infertility and small, poorly functioning testicles.

Cytoplasm

Material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane

Cytosol

Fluid part of cytoplasm

Hydrophilic heads, and Hydrophobic tails

Double phospholipid layer consists of?

Protein, Cholesterol, and Glycoproteins

Other materials in plasma membrane

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Fluid-filled tubules for carrying substances

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

No ribosomes, membrane lipid synthesize, and cytochrome P450

Cytochrome P450

Most well-known drug-metabolizing enzymes and are mainly expressed in the liver

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

With ribosomes, protein synthesis

Protein and RNA

Ribosomes are made up of?

Ribosome

Sites of protein synthesis

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum, and Cytoplasm

Ribosomes are found at two locations, which are?

Golgi Apparatus

Modifies and packages proteins

Golgi Apparatus

Produces different types of packages: Secretory vesicles, Cell membrane components, Lysosomes

Lysosome

contain hydrolytic enzymes to degrade cellular waste and foreign material

Hydrolytic Enzyme

Lysosomes contain this enzyme

Peroxisome

Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes

Oxidase Enzyme

Enzyme present in peroxisome

Peroxisome

Replicate by pinching in half

Peroxisome

They also play a role in lipid metabolism and detoxification of hydrogen peroxide—not just replication.

Mitochondria

They are dynamic and change shape to meet energy demands. Carry out reactions where oxygen is used to break down food. Provides ATP for cellular energy

Cytoskeleton

Network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm. Provides the cell with an internal framework.

Microfilament, Intermediate Filament, and Microtubule

Three different types of Cytoskeleton.

Active Transport

Move larger particles through the membrane. Needs ATP obtained from food

Passive Transport

Occurs spontaneously does not require ATP

Diffusion

Material Transported: Small-molecular weight material

Osmosis

Material Transported: Water

Facilitated Transport or Diffusion

Material Transported: Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Glucose

Primary Active Transport

Material Transported: Sodium, Potassium, Calcium

Secondary Active Transport

Material Transported: Amino acids, Lactose

Phagocytosis

Material Transported: Large macromolecules, whole cells, or cellular structures

Pinocytosis and Potocytosis

Material Transported: Small molecules (liquids/water)

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

Material Transported: Large quantities of macromolecules

Fat Soluble Molecules

Simple diffusion of ______________ directly through the phospholipid bilayer

Protein Carrier

Carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion via __________ specific for one chemical; binding of substrate causes shape change in transport protein

Ions

Channel-mediated facilitated diffusion through a channel protein; mostly _____ , selected on basis of size and charge

Aquaporin

Osmosis, diffusion of water through a specific channel protein (________) or through the lipid bilayer

Phagocytosis

PHAGOCYTOSIS OR PINOCYTOSIS: Large Particle

Pinocytosis

PHAGOCYTOSIS OR PINOCYTOSIS: Small Particle

Energy Production, Protein Synthesis, Signaling and Communication, Cell Division and Reproduction

Cell Functionality

Aloo Denish Obiero

“To study biochemistry is to decode the code of life, written in the language of atoms and elements.”

Chromatophores

Prokaryotes do not have chloroplast; photosynthesis localized in?

Enzyme

Prokaryotes do not have mitochondria; the _______ for oxidation are on the plasma membane

Prokaryotes

FLAGELLA: Present simpler and rotate like propellers

Eukaryotes

FLAGELLA: Present complex and move in a whip like manner

Vesicle

Intracellular transport