IB PHYSICS Topic 9: Wave phenomena

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30 Terms

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Wave

A transfer of energy that usually involves a periodic, repetitive movement and does not result in a net movement of the medium or particles in the medium.

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Wavelength

The distance between two successive identical parts of a wave.

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Amplitude

The maximum displacement from the neutral position of a wave, representing the energy of the wave.

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Displacement

The position of a particular point in the medium as it moves when a wave passes.

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Frequency

The number of repetitions per second in a wave, measured in hertz (Hz).

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Period

The time for one wavelength to pass a point in a wave.

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Velocity

The speed at which a specific part of a wave passes a point.

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Transverse Waves

Waves in which the medium moves at right angles to the direction of the wave.

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Longitudinal Waves

Waves in which the movement of the particles in the medium is in the same dimension as the direction of movement of the wave.

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Mechanical Waves

Waves that require a medium to propagate, such as sound waves, waves in a slinky, and water waves.

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Matter Waves

Waves that describe the motion of any moving object, such as the disturbance caused by a stone dropped into a pond.

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Electromagnetic Waves

Waves that do not require a medium for propagation and can travel through a vacuum, produced by changes in magnetic and electric fields.

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Amplitude

The height of a wave, directly related to the amount of energy carried by the wave.

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Wavelength

The distance between identical points in adjacent cycles of crests of a wave.

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Period

The time for a particle on a medium to complete one vibrational cycle.

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Frequency

The number of waves passing a point in a certain time, measured in hertz (Hz).

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Speed

The distance traveled by a given point on a wave in a given interval of time.

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Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)

Described by Newton's Second Law, characterized by equations for displacement, velocity, and acceleration.

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Energy Changes

In SHM, there is an exchange between kinetic energy (KE) and potential energy (PE) throughout the motion, while the total energy (KE + PE) remains constant.

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Periodic Motion

A motion that repeats itself after an equal interval of time, such as uniform circular motion.

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Oscillation Motion

To and fro motion of a particle about a mean position, bounded between two extreme points, with a restoring force directed towards the equilibrium position.

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Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)

A special case of oscillation along a straight line between two extreme points, with a restoring force directed towards the equilibrium position.

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Single-Slit Diffraction

Distinct diffraction patterns that emerge when light passes through a single slit comparable in size to the wavelength of the light.

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Angle of Diffraction

The angle at which diffraction occurs, determined by the wavelength of light and the size/length of the slit.

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Interference

The phenomenon of overlapping waves creating regions of constructive and destructive interference.

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Young's Double-Slit Experiment

An experiment that demonstrates interference patterns when light passes through two slits, resulting in regions of constructive and destructive interference.

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Resolution

The ability to distinguish between two closely spaced points or objects.

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Diffracting Aperture Size

The size of the aperture through which an image passes, affecting the resolution of the image.

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Doppler Effect

The change in frequency of a wave due to the relative motion between the source of the wave and the observer.

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Doppler Equation

Equations that describe the frequency shift in sound waves and electromagnetic waves based on the movement of the source and/or observer.