Ch. 22/23 Terms and People

Emmeline Pankhurst

Emmeline Pankhurst

• Leader of British suffragettes

• Founded Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU)

Millicent Fawcett

• British suffragette who wanted to improve women’s education

• Didn’t believe men and women were the same, but had joint interests

Bessemer Process

• Created by Henry Bessemer

• Helped create a stronger, lighter, and more durable iron

Edward Jenner

• English physician

• Discovered inoculation and vaccination for smallpox

Louis Pasteur

• French chemist and pharmacist

• Discovered “germ theory”

  • Found link between microbes and disease

• Pasteurization: Milk soured due to bacteria: bacteria → infection

• Developed vaccines against anthrax/rabies

Joseph Lister

• Anesthesia still resulted in patients dying from infection

• Lister suggested filthy conditions led to infection

  • Patients didn’t bathe

  • Doctors wore normal clothes

    • Never cleaned instruments

• Started program of cleanliness (1865)

Charles Darwin

• Wrote “On the Origins of Species” (1859) and “Theory of Evolution” (1871)

• Natural selection and evolution

• Survival of the fittest

Herbert Spencer

• British philosopher

• Known for supporting social Darwinism

• Principles of evolution and natural selection can be applied to social classes and human society

• Reason to not aid those who are weak

Thomas Huxley

• British philosopher

• Natural selection benefits people and created biological discipline

• Said humans are better than it and can improve together

  • Against social Darwinism

Trade Unionism

• Governments extend legal protection for trade unions

• Allowed works to have more influence in politics

  • More strikes

• Could demand for improvement of wages and working conditions

1st International

• Formed by British and French unionists and radicals

• Wanted to reform conditions of labor

• Supported by Marx and pushed for the Paris Commune

• Spread Marxism as #1 form of socialism

Fabian Socialism

• British socialism without Marxism (1884)

• Consisted of civil servants who believed problems of economy and production could be solved gradually, peacefully, and democratically

2nd International

• Formed by French socialists to unify national socialist parties and trade unions

• Condemned opportunism and ordered French socialists to form a single party

Confederation Generale

• Main labor union for French socialists

  • Rival to socialist parties

• Wanted to improve workers’ conditions through direct action

• Embraced doctrines of syndicalism

  • syndicalism: transferring means of production to workers’ unions

Social Democrats (SPD)

• German party who kept socialism alive until early 20th century

  • Opposed reformist policies

• Divided between those who advocated reform and those who advocated for revolution

Erfurt Program of 1891

• Program that declared the imminent doom of capitalism in the German Empire

• Necessity of socialist ownership of the means of production through legal political participation

• Improve workers’ lives rather than work for revolution

Eduard Bernstein

• German author and theorist

  • Questioned Marx ideals

• Wrote “Evolutionary Socialism” (1889)

• Questioned the pessimistic appraisal of capitalism and the necessity for revolution for revolution

• Stated conditions of Europe don’t meet expectations of Marxism

Revisionism

• Bernstein’s doctrines generated debate among German socialists who eventually condemned them

• Argued evolution toward social democracy might be possible in liberal G.B. but not in authoritarian Germany

Opportunism

• Working with the system

• Gradual change

Social Revolutionist Party (1901)

• Russian political party

• Supported farms and communal (“mir”)

Constitutional Democratic Party (1901)

• Moderate Russian party, “Cadets”

  • Zemstvos based

• Western Constitutional Monarchy

• Councils - Professional class + landowners (like G.B.)

Bolsheviks

• Radical majority

• Inspired by Lenin

  • Proletariat + Peasant (Dual Revolution)

  • Elite group of Pro-Revolutionaries

Menshiviks

• Revisionist minority

Jean Jaures

• Independent French socialist

• Used French revolutionary tradition instead of Marxism to justify revolutionary socialism

• Predicted WWI