Studied by 76 people
Emmeline Pankhurst
Leader of British suffragettes
Founded Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU)
Millicent Fawcett
British suffragette who wanted to improve women’s education
Didn’t believe men and women were the same, but had joint interests
Bessemer Process
Created by Henry Bessemer
Helped create a stronger, lighter, and more durable iron
Edward Jenner
English physician
Discovered inoculation and vaccination for smallpox
Louis Pasteur
French chemist and pharmacist
Discovered “germ theory”
Found link between microbes and disease
Pasteurization: Milk soured due to bacteria: bacteria → infection
Developed vaccines against anthrax/rabies
Joseph Lister
Anesthesia still resulted in patients dying from infection
Lister suggested filthy conditions led to infection
Patients didn’t bathe
Doctors wore normal clothes
Never cleaned instruments
Started program of cleanliness (1865)
Charles Darwin
Wrote “On the Origins of Species” (1859) and “Theory of Evolution” (1871)
Natural selection and evolution
Survival of the fittest
Herbert Spencer
British philosopher
Known for supporting social Darwinism
Principles of evolution and natural selection can be applied to social classes and human society
Reason to not aid those who are weak
Thomas Huxley
British philosopher
Natural selection benefits people and created biological discipline
Said humans are better than it and can improve together
Against social Darwinism
Trade Unionism
Governments extend legal protection for trade unions
Allowed works to have more influence in politics
More strikes
Could demand for improvement of wages and working conditions
1st International
Formed by British and French unionists and radicals
Wanted to reform conditions of labor
Supported by Marx and pushed for the Paris Commune
Spread Marxism as #1 form of socialism
Fabian Socialism
British socialism without Marxism (1884)
Consisted of civil servants who believed problems of economy and production could be solved gradually, peacefully, and democratically
2nd International
Formed by French socialists to unify national socialist parties and trade unions
Condemned opportunism and ordered French socialists to form a single party
Confederation Generale
Main labor union for French socialists
Rival to socialist parties
Wanted to improve workers’ conditions through direct action
Embraced doctrines of syndicalism
syndicalism: transferring means of production to workers’ unions
Social Democrats (SPD)
German party who kept socialism alive until early 20th century
Opposed reformist policies
Divided between those who advocated reform and those who advocated for revolution
Erfurt Program of 1891
Program that declared the imminent doom of capitalism in the German Empire
Necessity of socialist ownership of the means of production through legal political participation
Improve workers’ lives rather than work for revolution
Eduard Bernstein
German author and theorist
Questioned Marx ideals
Wrote “Evolutionary Socialism” (1889)
Questioned the pessimistic appraisal of capitalism and the necessity for revolution for revolution
Stated conditions of Europe don’t meet expectations of Marxism
Revisionism
Bernstein’s doctrines generated debate among German socialists who eventually condemned them
Argued evolution toward social democracy might be possible in liberal G.B. but not in authoritarian Germany
Opportunism
Working with the system
Gradual change
Social Revolutionist Party (1901)
Russian political party
Supported farms and communal (“mir”)
Constitutional Democratic Party (1901)
Moderate Russian party, “Cadets”
Zemstvos based
Western Constitutional Monarchy
Councils - Professional class + landowners (like G.B.)
Bolsheviks
Radical majority
Inspired by Lenin
Proletariat + Peasant (Dual Revolution)
Elite group of Pro-Revolutionaries
Menshiviks
Revisionist minority
Jean Jaures
Independent French socialist
Used French revolutionary tradition instead of Marxism to justify revolutionary socialism
Predicted WWI
