PHYL 141 EXAM #1

Define anatomy and physiology and how they are related

Anatomy: Study of the body and its parts

Physiology: Study of the body parts' functions

Homeostasis

All body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment

Negative feedback & its relation to Homeostasis

The response of the effector negates the stimulus

Negative feedback brings the body back into homeostasis

Up/Down

Superior/Inferior

"Heads"/"Tails"

Cranial/Caudal

Front/Back

Anterior/Posterior

Middle/To The Side

Proximal/Distal

Towards/Away From Trunk

Medial/Lateral

Major Ventral Body Cavities

Thoracic

Abdominopelvic

Anatomical Planes

Frontal/coronal

Sagittal (Hot Dog Fold)

Transverse (Hamburger Fold)

Eye

Occular/Optic

Chin

Mental

Armpit

Axillary

Front of Elbow

Antecubital

Navel/Bellybutton

Umbellical/Navel

Groin ("V-Lines")

Inguinal

Thigh

Femoral

Foot

Pedal

Ear

Otic

Chest

Thoracic

Arm

Humeral

Back of Elbow

Olecranal

Back

Dorsal

Loins/Lower Back

Lumbar

Calf

Sural

Sole

Plantar

Cheeks (face)

Buccal

Shoulder

Acromial

Forearm

Antebrachial

Wrist

Carpal

Buttocks

Gluteal

Kneecap

Patellar

Ankle

Tarsal

Big Toe

Hallux

Head

Cephallic

Hand

Manual

Thumb

Pollux

Fingers

Digits

Back of Knee

Popliteal

Heel

Calcaneal

Toes

Phalangeal

Abdominal Quadrants

Right Upper Quandrant (Liver/Gallbladder)

Left Upper Quadrant

(Stomach/Spleen)

Right Lower Quadrant

(Small Intestine/Appendix)

Left Lower Quadrant

(Urinary)

Abdominal Regions

Right/Left Hypochondriac

Right/Left Lumbar

Right/Left Inguinal

Epigastric

Umbellical

Hypogastric (Pubic)

Levels of Organization from Atom to Organism

Atom

Organ

Organ Tissue

Organism

At what levels are things considered "living?"

Organism

Atom

Smallest unit of matter

Element

Molecule w/ 1 Type of Element

Compound

Molecule w/ 2+ Types of Elements

Full names for chemical symbols covered in lecture:

C, Ca, Na, F, H, K, Cl, I, O, P, Mg, Zn, N, S, Fe, Co

Carbon

Calcium

Sodium

Fluorine

Hydrogen

Potassium

Chlorine

Iodine

Oxygen

Phosphorous

Magnesium

Zinc

Nitrogen

Sulfur

Iron

Cobalt

Subatomic Particles & their relative size/charge/arrangement in an atom

Protons: 1 Mass Unit/Nucleus

Neutrons: 1 Mass Unit/Nucleus

Electrons: 0.00055 Mass Units/Surrounding Nucleus

How changing the # of protons/neutrons/electrons does to an atom?

(Change of # Protons? Change of # Neutrons? Change of # Electrons?)

Change in Element

Isotopes

Ion

Types of Chemical Bonds and how they differ

Synthesis: A + B -> AB

Decomposition: AB -> A + B

Exchange: AB + CD -> AC + BD

Reversible: On/Off Relationship

How Polar and Non-Polar bonds affect hydrophobicity

Polar=Hydrophillic

Non-Polar=Hydrophobic

Elements associated with Hydrogen Bonding

Nitrogen

Oxygen

Flourine

Enzymes & their effects on chemical reactions

Protein catalysts that speed up chemical reactions

Acidity, pH, & Protons

pH: Scale used to measure proton concentration

pH of Bodily Fluids (e.g. Stomach Acid, Blood, Urine)

Stomach Acid= Extremely Acidic

Blood=Neutral

Urine=4.5-8

4 Major Types of Biological Macromolecules

Protein

Fats/Lipids

Carbs/Saccarhides

Nucleic Acids

Which of the Biological Macromolecules form polymers in the body?

Carbs

Proteins

Nucleic Acids

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, & Polysaccharides, & examples

• Glucose/Fructose/Galactose

Sucrose/Maltose

Glycogen/Starch/Cellulose

Examples of Lipids

Fatty Acids

Steroids

Glycerides

Eiconsenoids

Phospholipids

Glycolipids

Peptide Bonds

The type of bond that links Amino Acids

The 5 Major Nucleic Acids

Thymine (DNA)

Adenine (DNA/RNA)

Cytosine (DNA/RNA)

Guanine (DNA/RNA)

Uracil (RNA)

DNA vs. RNA - Similarities & Differences

DNA has deoxybiroses & phosphate; has genetic code

RNA has ribose & phosphate

The 3 main parts of a nucleotide

Phosphate

Sugar

Base

Plasma membrane composition & function

Lipid bilayer containing phospholipids, steroids, proteins, and carbohydrates

Glycolipids; What can/can't pass through?

Carbs + Lipids

Can Pass=Small Molecules

Non-Polar Compounds

Can't Pass=Large Molecules

Highly Polar Compounds

Ions

Glycoproteins

Integral: Inside Membrane

Peripheral: Bound to inner/outer surface

Diffusion

High -> Low Concentration

Facilitated Diffusion

High -> Low w/ HELP (from transport proteins)

Osmosis

High -> Low H2O Concentration (to balance out solute)

Involves semi-permeable membrane

Primary Active Transport

ATP Breakdown provides energy; Sodium/Potassium Exchange Pump

Secondary Active Transport

No ATP; Sodium/Calcium Exchanger

Endocytosis

The taking in of matter by a living cell by invagination of its membrane to form a vacuole

Exocytosis

A process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.

Cytoplasm

Everything in the cell except for the nucleus

Cytosol

Liquid Part

Cytoskeleton

Non-Membranous

Gives cells shape & helps organize its parts

Parts of Cytoskeleton

Microfilaments

Intermediate Filaments

Microtubules

Centrioles

Non-Membranous

Assists in cell division

Centrosome

Non-Membranous

Cytoplasm surrounding centriole

Cilia

Non-Membranous

Beat & Wave

Moves particles

Microvilli

Non-Membranous

Increase surface area for absorption

Attaches to cytoskeleton

Different/smaller than cilia

Ribosomes

Non-Membranous

Synthesizes polypeptides

Proteasomes

Non-Membranous

Breaks down proteins for recycling

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Membranous

Involved in protein/lipid synthesis

Nearby the nucleus

Golgi Apparatus

Membranous

Stores & packages secretory products/lysosomal enzymes

Lysosome

Non-Membranous

Intracellular removal of damaged organelles/pathogens

Peroxisomes

Membranous

Contains enzymes

Produces hydrogen peroxide

Breaks down fatty acids/organic compounds

Detoxify by changing toxic chemicals

Mitochondria

Membranous

Produces 95% of the cell's ATP

The Nucleus & it's contents

Largest Organelle; The cell's "brain"

DNA

Nucleoplasm

Nuclear matrix

Nucleoli

Nucleosomes

Phases of the Cell Cycle

G1 (Cell Growth)

S (Synthesis)

G2 (Growth)

M (Mitosis)

When is DNA replicated?

During the "S" Phase

When does the cell undergo cell division?

Mitosis

Stages of Mitosis

Interphase (I'll)

Prophase (Pass)

Metaphase (My)

Anaphase (Anatomy)

Telophase (Test)

Which Nucleic Acids bond with each other?

A T (A Teacher)

A U (Asks U)

G C (to Get Coffee)

Transcription

Creates mRNA transcripts from DNA

Still has info from DNA

Translation

mRNA (Recipe) -> Ribosomes (chef) -> Amino Acids/Peptides (Food)

Apical Tissue

Top Layer

Basal Tissue

Bottom Layer