Human Anatomy & Physiology Ch. 1 & 5

Science

method of observing and measuring natural phenomenon in order to explain them

Form & Function

are inextricably linked

Human Anatomy

study of structure of human body

Human physiology

study of body’s functions

Visual modalities

engage sense of sight; include using written material such as notes and textbooks

Learning modalities

different ways of learning; refer to senses engaged during learning process

Auditory modality

engages sense of hearing; include listening to lectures or presentations

Tactile modalities

engage sense of touch; include manipulating three-dimensional structures

Kinesthetic (“movement”) modalities

modalities can be included with any of previous three; you can

variety

of techniques until you find best combination for you

adaptation and development

Best combination in one class might not be best in another class—“learning how to learn” is process that requires continual

How to read a textbook

SQ3R method

SQ3R method

Survey chapter for major topics discussed. Form questions about content; answer as you progress through chapter

SQ3R method part 2

Read actively – use some sort of activity (note taking or diagram sketching) while reading; enhances understanding and recall – Recite material aloud; helps retain information – Review what was read; use different methods (answer end of chapter questions or write summaries of main topics)

Managing your time

studying takes time; develop weekly schedule to

How to study for an exam

following methods found effective for many people:

How to study for an exam

Use effective study techniques (depending on your learning modality

Come prepared

Attending lab and lecture with familiarity for what you are expected to know or do is invaluable

How to take good notes

Don’t rely on instructor’s lecture notes

Learning Outcomes

start of each module; essential concepts and related principles; should be understood after reading module

manageable chunks

Chapters divided into

Concept Boosts and Study Boosts

in certain modules; intended to “boost” understanding of difficult concepts

Flashback

beginning of many sections; recall material from previous modules or chapters

Quick Check

end of each major module section; assess basic concepts of module

Apply What You Learned

end of each module; critical thinking and problem-solving questions; analyze and apply material in module

Assess What You Learned

three levels of questions; each requires increasingly greater critical thinking skills

Figures

vital for developing understanding of complex anatomical or physiological concepts; to get most out of textbook art

Companion workbook

Active learning tool to be used

Online practice tools

or textbook in Mastering A&P

Living Organisms

share distinct properties:

Cellular composition

cells are basic units of life

Living Organisms

share distinct properties

Chemicals

substances with unique molecular composition; used in or produced by chemical reactions

Growth

building outweighs breaking down processes; two forms:

Excretion

elimination of potentially harmful waste products created by metabolic processes

Responsiveness or irritability

sensing and reacting to changes or stimuli in environment

Movement of

Entire organism

Reproduction

two forms in multicellular organisms: – Individual cells reproduce during growth and to replace damaged or old cells

structural level of organization

Body is constructed from series of progressively larger “building blocks;” each type of block is

Chemical level

smallest level; foundation for each successive level; ranges from tiny atoms to complex chemical structures (molecules) composed of thousands of atoms

Cellular level

groups of many different types of molecules combined in specific ways to form cellular structures

Tissue level

two or more cell types cooperate to perform common function

Organ level

two or more tissue types combined to form organ

Organ system level

organs grouped into organ systems

Organism level

organ systems function together to make up working human body, an organism

organism (human body)

Organ systems function together to make up complete

Systemic anatomy

(used in textbook) examines human body by individual organ systems

Regional anatomy

divides body into regions of study (such as head and neck)

Surface anatomy

studies surface markings of body

Gross anatomy

examines structures that can be seen with unaided eye

Microscopic anatomy

studies structures that can only be seen with aid of microscope

Physiology

subfields classified by organ or organ system being studied

Neurophysiology

studies brain and nerves

Cardiovascular physiology

studies heart and blood vessels

Anatomical position

common frame of reference from which all body parts and regions are described

Directional terms

help ensure accurate communication; describe relative location of body parts and markings; common paired terms include

Anterior (ventral)

front in humans; posterior (dorsal) - back; can refer to body as a whole or to body part

Superior (cranial)

toward head; inferior (caudal) - toward tail; used to refer to positions on head, neck, and trunk only

Proximal

closer to point of origin

distal

more distant (further away) from same point of origin

Body’s midline

is an imaginary line that runs down middle of body

medial

closer to midline; lateral - further away

Superficial

structures closer to surface of body;

deep

further away from surface

axial

(head, neck, and trunk)

appendicular

(upper and lower limbs or appendages)

smaller regions

Each broad region can be divided into several

companion workbook

Summary of regional terms can be found in

Abdominal

The abdomen

Cervical

The neck

Gluteal

The buttocks

Inguinal

The groin

Lumbar

The lower back

Palmar

The palm

Pelvic

The pelvis

Pubic

The pubis

Sacral

The sacrum

Sternal

The sternum

Thoracic

The chest

Vertebral

The spinal column

Buccal

The cheek

Cranial

The skull

Cephalic

The head

Frontal

The forehead

Mental

The chin

Nasal

The nose

Occipital

The back of the head

Ocular

The eye

Oral

The mouth

The mouth

The ear

Acromial

The point of the shoulder

Ante-brachial

The forearm

Ante-cubital

The anterior surface of the elbow

Axillary

The armpit

Brachial

The arm

Carpal

The wrist

Digital

The fingers (or toes)

Manual

The hand

Metacarpal

The metacarpals (bones of the hand)

Pollex

The thumb