Intellectual Disability, ADHD, Autism

according to the DSM 5, intellectual disability is characterized by significant limitations in both ____ and ____

intellectual functioning, adaptive behaviors

intellectual disability originates before what age?

18

accepted measure of intelligence is determined by what standardized test?

intelligence quotient assessment (IQ test)

what is the mean IQ score?

100

what is the cutoff IQ score for disability?

below 70

intellectual functioning

general mental capability of an individual, including their ability to reason, plan, problem solve, think abstractly, etc

adaptive behavior

collection of conceptual, social, practical skills that people have learned so they can function in everyday life

what are the different classifications for intellectual disability according to the DSM5?

mild, moderate, severe, profound

the DSM5 classifications are based on what?

severity of function

the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Classification is based on the severity of what?

intensity of supports needed to improve function

what are the different classifications of intellectual disability according to the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Classification system?

intermediate or PRN, limited, extensive, pervasive

according to the DSM5, what is mild intellectual disability?

difficulty learning academic skills and abstract thinking, immature social and communication skills

according to the DSM5, what is moderate intellectual disability?

slow development in language and academic skills at preschool age, adults have elementary school level of education, lack of understanding in social skills, daily assistance needed for personal and vocational occupations

according to the DSM5, what is severe intellectual disability?

able to understand simple speech and gestures, single words or simple phrases for expressive language skills, supervision needed for ADLs

according to the DSM5, what is profound disability?

functional use of objects is possible, minimal understanding of symbolic communication but may understand and respond with gestures, dependent in ADLs

what is the difference between a learning disability and an intellectual disability?

learning disability has an average or above average IQ and low academic achievement, where intellectual disability has both below average IQ and low academic achievement

single gene disorder

issue with the quality of genetic material

chromosomal disorders

issue with the quantity of material

are birth defects considered genetic?

no

what are some prenatal environmental factors?

intrauterine exposure to chemical agents, drugs, alcohol, low birth weight caused by smoking, infections, poor nutrition

what is the leading non-genetic cause of intellectual disorder?

alcohol use

what are perinatal environmental factors that can lead to intellectual disorders?

mechanical injuries or perinatal hypoxia

what are postnatal environmental factors that can lead to intellectual disorders?

traumas, infections, lack of oxygen; can be associated with acquired brain injury

according to the DSM5, ADHD is now classified as a _____ disorder, where it was previously a disruptive behavior disorder

neurodevelopmental

what is the average onset of ADHD?

7 years old

what are the four subtypes / clinical presentations of ADHD?

1. predominantly inattentive

2. hyperactive

3. combined

4. other specified or unspecified

what are the three hallmarks of ADHD?

inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity

what are inattention symptoms?

often fails to give close attention to detail or careless mistakes, difficulty sustaining to enjoyable activities, poor organizational skills, often distracted

what are hyperactive or impulsive symptoms?

often fidgets, gets up from seat when they are expected to be seated, feels restless, talks excessively

how does long lasting stimulant medications help with ADHD?

increase dopamine and norepinephrine levels for a calming effect that improve attention, impulsivity, hyperactivity

how do cognitive behavioral interventions improve ADHD?

changing distorted, dysfunctional thoughts, identify consequences and task completion

what are three categories of social communication deficits with autism spectrum disorder?

1. deficits in social-emotional reciprocity

2. deficits in nonverbal communicative behaviors used for social interaction

3. deficits in developing, maintaining and understanding relationships

what are some co-occuring conditions with autism?

• hyper or hypo reactivity to sensory input or unusual interest in sensory aspects of environement

• gross and fine motor impairments

• food selectivity

• sleep disruptions

what are symptoms of autism disorder?

significant impairment in social, occupational, other important areas of current reasoning, cannot be explained by intellectual disability

what are the severity classifications of autism based on?

social communication impairments and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior

what are the three levels of severity of autism?

level 1: requires support

level 2: requires substantial support

level 3: requires very substantial support

what is involved in the etiology of most cases of autism?

genetics

what environmental factors do NOT cause autism?

mercury and immunizations

children born to ___ parents are at a higher risk for having autism

older

are boys or girls more likely to be diagnosed with austism?

boys

what are common co-morbid conditions that show up with autism?

Fragile X, allergies, epilepsy, food/eating disorders

no single intervention successfully treats autism, but literature supports benefits of…

early intervention