HTS 2080 Exam 1

Who discovered the bacterium that causes bubonic plague?

Yersin

Who was sent to investigate the plague in Karachi, where he discovered the role of rats and fleas.

Simond

Simond worked for the _________?

Pasteur Institute

In the case of bubonic plague, humans and other mammals can be secondary hosts. Rodents and fleas may be considered primary hosts with fleas also acting as: _____________?

vectors

Etiology means _____________?

the cause of a disease

A disease that can jump from animals to humans is called a ________________________?

zoonotic disease

Who wrote the Decameron?

Boccaccio

The bacterium that causes bubonic plague also causes two other forms of the disease. Name one:

Pneumonic or Septicemic

If untreated, bubonic plague kills what percentage of its victims within about four days?

50%

The most characteristic symptom of bubonic plague is the presence of:

buboes

The Black Death reached Italy from the Black Sea port of:

Kaffa

Give the years of the Black Death:

1347-51

What are some of the short-term results of the Black Death?

A crisis of faith in the Church's promise of salvation; the practice of medicine by untrained and uneducated individuals; renewed and stricter piety among some, and the opposite among others.

Among the long-term results of the Black Death, the most important was:

The end of serfdom in Western Europe

During the Black Death, in the (Venetian at the time) city of Dubrovnik, a new practice was invented. What was it?

Quarantine

Who argued that disease played a central role in the Spanish conquest of Mexico and Peru in the article you read.

Alfred Crosby

The deadliest of these diseases (during Spanish conquest), according to Alfred Crosby, was _________________?

Smallpox

Name another factor apart from disease that helped Spain conquer Mexico and Peru:

Steel, gunpowder, horses, ships, leadership, differences in nature and purpose of warfare, religion, civil war among Mexicans, chance aid from Marina.

Disease actually killed the ruler of the Inca Empire before the Spanish even arrived. True or false?

True

To explain how a particular disease swept through the British troops but not the Americans, McNeill deployed the concept of:

Differential Immunity

The disease in McNeill discussed (in relation to British troops) was?

Malaria

The microorganism that causes malaria is:

a parasite

A technique to prevent epidemics of smallpox called ___________________ had been practiced in Asia and Africa for centuries before Europeans "discovered" it.

variolation

The individual who popularized this techniqe (variolation) in Great Britain was:

Lady Wortly Montagu

Before the British, led by future Queen Caroline, would try the new technique, a "royal experiment" was carried out on two populations often experimented upon by physicians. Which populations were they?

Prisoners and orphans

Who weaponized smallpox in a "project to reduce the eastern Indians?"

Jeffrey Amherst

______________ designed the first vaccine. It used cowpox to protect against smallpox.

Jenner

Several technical innovations contributed to the fight against smallpox. Among these were:

the bifurcated needle and the process of freeze drying

The man who contributed the powerful concept of "surveillance and containment" to the eradication of smallpox is Atlanta resident:

Bill Foege

Name the four humors:

Blood, Phlegm, Yellow Bile, Black Bile

Aside from bleeding name another therapy intended to bring the humors into balance.

blistering, cupping, purging, use of laxatives, emetics, diuretics, praying

Name one disease whose control contributed to the rise of Europe's population in the 18th and 19th centuries.

plague or smallpox

List Koch's postulates

1)The suspected agent must be present in every case of the disease.
2) The agent must be isolated and grown in pure culture.
3) The cultured agent must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible experimental host.
4) The same agent must be reisolated from the diseased experimental host.

Paul Louis Simonde

Discovered vector for Yersinia Pestis - flea Xenopsylla cheopis

Mary Wortley Montagu

Witnessed variolation in Ottoman Empire

Edward Jenner

Invented smallpox vaccine

Alexandre Yersin

Discovered etiology of Black Death, which was Yersinia Pestis

"Lord Cornwallis vs. Anopheles Quadrimaculatus," ch. 3 of Mosquito Empires, 2010

Book about how Cornwallis loses because of Anopheles carrying Malaria in swamps

Epidemiology

Study of patterns of disease in a population

Quarantine

Restrict movement of persons

Yellow Fever

Aedes Aegypti mosquito
Flavivirdae virus

Malaria

Anopheles mosquito
Plasmodium

Black Death

Yersinia Pestis

Variolation

or Inoculation was process of immunizing individual against smallpox

Also discovered Yersinia Pestis but did not follow Koch's Postulates

Shibasabura

What disease did the Native Americans spread to Europe

Syphilis (Great Pox)

How smallpox was spread

inhalation, not zoonotic

smallpox sysmtoms

swelling around lymph nodes

smallpox virus

variola major and minor

Variola major mortality rate

20-30%

Variola minor mortality rate

1%

Smallpox eradication

1980s

Black Legend

False notion that Spanish conquerors did little but butcher the Indians and steal their gold in the name of Christ. Spread by enemies of the Spanish Empire

smallpox longterm effect in the Americas

Huge death rate of Native Americans, later weaponized in attempt to eradicate them

resistance to vaccines

religion, serum not always stable/effective, revaccination, cost

Endemic

native or confined to a particular region or people

Epidemic

A widespread outbreak of an infectious disease.

Pandemic

an epidemic that is geographically widespread

benefit of vaccination over variolation

vaccination never kills

Author of "An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of Ariolae Vaccinae"

Jenner

What disease led to smallpox immunity

Cowpox

Southern Strategy

British sought to benefit from greater loyalist/tory support in the South.

Malaria endemic to:

Some Africans. When they were brought over as slaves, they provided mosquitos with an ample source of the parasite.

Immunologically naive

lacking exposure to a particular pathogen

In Suriname, Dutch believed that they were killed not by Malaria and Yellow fever, but instead

"murdered by the climate"

can you become immune to Malaria?

No, you can be genetically immune or create a resistance

Can you become immune to Yellow Fever?

Yes

Diseases which help in revolutions are

Revolutionary

Diseases which restrict revolutions are

Counterrevolutionary

What is Cinchona bark used for?

Made into a tea which poisoned and killed the Malarial parasite in the bloodstream, and sometimes killed the host

What are the two strains of Malaria?

Plasmodium Vivax ad Plasmodium Falciparum

Author of "Mosquito Empires"

McNeil

Where in the US was seen as particularly deadly to newcomers

South Carolina, "low country"

Reasons South Carolina was a hotbed for the spread of Malaria

1) swamps/marshes, 2) stillwater from rice cultivation, 3) hunters killed deer, which were mosquitos' main target before humans, 4) rice was farmed by African slaves who had the parasite already in their bloodstream

Good environment for mosquitos

wet, hot, humid

% sick from Malaria of British in the Trenches during the American Revolution

25-51%

% sick from Malaria of Americans during the American Revolution

3-8%

Can you become immune to Malaria?

No, you can build up a resistance or are already genetically immune