HTS 2080 Exam 1

Yersin discovered the bacterium that causes bubonic plague
Simond was sent to investigate the plague in Karachi, where he discovered the role of rats and fleas
Simond worked for the Pasteur Institute
In the case of bubonic plague, humans and other mammals can be secondary hosts. Rodents and fleas may be considered primary hosts with fleas also acting as vectors
Etiology means the cause of a disease
A disease that can jump from animals to humans is called a zoonotic disease
Boccaccio wrote the Decameron
The bacterium that causes bubonic plague also causes two other forms of the disease; they are Pneumonic and Septicemic
If untreated, bubonic plague kills 50% of its victims within about four days
Buboes are the most characteristic symptom of bubonic plague
The Black Death reached Italy from the Black Sea port of Kaffa
The Black Death was from 1347-1351
Some of the short-term results of the Black Death were 1) crisis of faith in the Church's promise of salvation, 2) the practice of medicine by untrained and uneducated individuals, 3) renewed and stricter piety among some, and the opposite among others
Among the long-term results of the Black Death, the most important was the end of serfdom in Western Europe
During the Black Death, in the (Venetian at the time) city of Dubrovnik, the practice of quarantine was invented
Crosby argued that disease played a central role in the Spanish conquest of Mexico and Peru
The deadliest of the diseases (during Spanish conquest), according to Alfred Crosby, was smallpox
Other factors that helped Spain conquer Mexico and Peru included: Steel, gunpowder, horses, ships, leadership, differences in nature and purpose of warfare, religion, civil war among Mexicans, and chance aid from Marina
Disease actually killed the ruler of the Inca Empire before the Spanish even arrived
To explain how a particular disease swept through the British troops but not the Americans, McNeill deployed the concept of Differential Immunity
The disease McNeill discussed (in relation to British troops) was Malaria
The microorganism that causes malaria is a parasite
A technique to prevent epidemics of smallpox called variolation had been practiced in Asia and Africa for centuries before Europeans "discovered" it
The individual who popularized the technique of variolation n Great Britain was Lady Wortly Montagu
Before the British, led by future Queen Caroline, would try the new technique, a "royal experiment" was carried out on two populations often experimented upon by physicians. They experimented on prisoners and orphans
Amherst weaponized smallpox in a "project to reduce the eastern Indians?"
Jenner designed the first vaccine. It used cowpox to protect against smallpox.
Several technical innovations contributed to the fight against smallpox. Among these were the bifurcated needle and the process of freeze drying
The man who contributed the powerful concept of "surveillance and containment" to the eradication of smallpox is Atlanta resident Bill Foege
The four humors are Blood, Phlegm, Yellow Bile, Black Bile
Aside from bleeding, other therapies intended to bring the humors into balance included blistering, cupping, purging, use of laxatives, emetics, diuretics, and praying
The control of both the plague and smallpox contributed to the rise of Europe's population in the 18th and 19th centuries.
Koch's postulates are: 1)The suspected agent must be present in every case of the disease. 2) The agent must be isolated and grown in pure culture. 3) The cultured agent must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible experimental host. 4) The same agent must be reisolated from the diseased experimental host.
Simond discovered that the vector for Yersinia Pestis was the flea Xenopsylla cheopis
Mary Wortley Montagu witnessed variolation in Ottoman Empire
Edward Jenner invented the smallpox vaccine
Alexandre Yersin discovered the etiology of the Black Death, which was Yersinia Pestis
"Lord Cornwallis vs. Anopheles Quadrimaculatus," ch. 3 of Mosquito Empires, 2010 Book about how Cornwallis loses because of Anopheles carrying Malaria in swamps Epidemiology Study of patterns of disease in a population Quarantine Restrict movement of persons Yellow Fever Aedes Aegypti mosquito Flavivirdae virus Malaria Anopheles mosquito Plasmodium Black Death Yersinia Pestis Variolation or Inoculation was process of immunizing individual against smallpox Also discovered Yersinia Pestis but did not follow Koch's Postulates Shibasabura What disease did the Native Americans spread to Europe Syphilis (Great Pox) How smallpox was spread inhalation, not zoonotic smallpox sysmtoms swelling around lymph nodes smallpox virus variola major and minor Variola major mortality rate 20-30% Variola minor mortality rate 1% Smallpox eradication 1980s Black Legend False notion that Spanish conquerors did little but butcher the Indians and steal their gold in the name of Christ. Spread by enemies of the Spanish Empire smallpox longterm effect in the Americas Huge death rate of Native Americans, later weaponized in attempt to eradicate them resistance to vaccines religion, serum not always stable/effective, revaccination, cost Endemic native or confined to a particular region or people Epidemic A widespread outbreak of an infectious disease. Pandemic an epidemic that is geographically widespread benefit of vaccination over variolation vaccination never kills Author of "An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of Ariolae Vaccinae" Jenner What disease led to smallpox immunity Cowpox Southern Strategy British sought to benefit from greater loyalist/tory support in the South. Malaria endemic to: Some Africans. When they were brought over as slaves, they provided mosquitos with an ample source of the parasite. Immunologically naive lacking exposure to a particular pathogen In Suriname, Dutch believed that they were killed not by Malaria and Yellow fever, but instead "murdered by the climate" can you become immune to Malaria? Can you become immune to Yellow Fever? Yes Diseases which help in revolutions are Revolutionary Diseases which restrict revolutions are Counterrevolutionary What is Cinchona bark used for? Made into a tea which poisoned and killed the Malarial parasite in the bloodstream, and sometimes killed the host What are the two strains of Malaria? Plasmodium Vivax ad Plasmodium Falciparum Author of "Mosquito Empires" McNeil Where in the US was seen as particularly deadly to newcomers South Carolina, "low country" Reasons South Carolina was a hotbed for the spread of Malaria 1) swamps/marshes, 2) stillwater from rice cultivation, 3) hunters killed deer, which were mosquitos' main target before humans, 4) rice was farmed by African slaves who had the parasite already in their bloodstream Good environment for mosquitos wet, hot, humid % sick from Malaria of British in the Trenches during the American Revolution 25-51% % sick from Malaria of Americans during the American Revolution 3-8% Can you become immune to Malaria? No, you can build up a resistance or are already genetically immune