lbyzool exam 3 (activities 7 - 9)

order Anura

the order which frogs and toads belong to

order Anura

largest & most diverse group of living amphibians

epidermis

outer layer of the skin

dermis

inner layer of the skin

sublayers of the epidermis

stratum corneum, stratum spinosum, stratum germinativum

epidermis

stratified epithelium

stratum corneum

outermost layer of the epidermis

stratum corneum

epithelial tissue of flattened dead cells

stratum corneum

thin, cornified layer that is constantly removed when the toad sheds its skin

ecdysis

shedding/molting of skin

stratum spinosum

intermediate layer between the stratum corneum & stratum germinativum

stratum germinativum

living & growing layer of stratified cuboidal to columnar epithelial tissue

stratum germinativum

layer that continuously divides to replace the dead skin of the stratum corneum

junction of the epidermis and dermis

contains chromatophores

chromatophore

specialized connective tissue that contains melanophores

melanophores

pigment-containing cells

sublayers of the dermis

stratum laxum, stratum compactum

stratum laxum

also called the stratum spongiosum

stratum laxum

immediately below the stratum germinativum

stratum laxum

consists of loosely arranged connective tissue & blood vessels

stratum laxum

the body of cutaneous glands are situated here

stratum laxum

spongy appearance due to the body of cutaneous glands

cutaneous glands

poison glands & mucous glands

poison glands

larger glands with a thin epithelial wall, less numerous

mucous glands

smaller glands with a thick epithelial wall, more numerous

stratum compactum

consists of layers of compactly arranged white, fibrous connective tissue

bilateral symmetry

right & left halves are mirrored portions

regions of the body

anterior, posterior, dorsal, ventral

anterior

head end

posterior

tail end

dorsal

back side

ventral

belly side

main axis of toads

horizontal axis

main axis of humans

vertical axis

three body planes

frontal, sagittal, transverse

frontal

divides into dorsal and ventral sections

sagittal

divides into left & right sections

transverse

divides into anterior & posterior sections

relative to the center of the body

medial, lateral, proximal, & distal

medial

near the middle/center

lateral

towards the sides

proximal

nearer to the origin/point of attachment

distal

farther from the origin/point of attachment

axial region

composed of the head and trunk

head and trunk are joined by

a short neck

short neck

restricts the movement of the head

pointed snout

most anterior portion of the head

external nares

openings at the tip of the snout

eyes

located at the dorsolateral portion of the head but is posterior to the exterior nares

eyes

has upper & lower eyelids, & nictitating membrane

nictitating membrane

keeps the eyes moist when underwater

tympanic membrane

posterolateral to the eyes

tympanic membrane

ovoid region of tightly drawn skin that covers the auditory canal

paratoid gland

also called poison gland

paratoid gland

large swelling behind the tympanic membrane

cloacal aperture

also called the anus

cloacal aperture

most posterior part of the trunk on the dorsal side

appendicular region

composed of the forelimbs & hindlimbs

forelimbs

the anterior pair

forelimbs

shorter set of limbs

forelimbs

consists of the upper arm, forearm, wrist, hand

arm is also called

branchium

forearm is also called

branchium

wrist is also called

carpus

hand is also called

manus

the hand bears

four digits and a rudimentary thumb

rudimentary thumb

prepollux

hindlimbs

the posterior pair

hindlimbs

consists of the thigh, shank, ankle, & foot

shank is also called

crus

ankle is also called

tarsus

foot is also called

pes

the foot bears

five digits & a rudimentary toe (webbed toes)

rudimentary toe

prehallux

skin on the dorsal side

warty

skin on the ventral side

not warty

parts of the mouth

internal nares, gullet, tongue, maxillary teeth, vomerine teeth, eye bulges, eustachian opening, vocal cord opening

external sex-determining characteristics

skin, thumb pads, size

male toads

darkly/concentrated pigmented area of the skin on the ventral side of the jaw, swollen thumb pads, generally smaller in size

female toads

diffused pigments, not swollen thumb pads, generally larger in size

swollen thumb pads

male toads use it during amplexus

amplexus

false copulation, mating behavior

purpose of skeleton

provides support or framework for the body

purpose of skeleton

firm surface for attachment of muscles

purpose of skeleton

supplies calcium to the blood

purpose of skeleton

blood cell formation site

exoskeleton in vertebrates

hardened bony structures that develop in the skin

exoskeleton in vertebrates

provides external protection to the animal

exoskeleton in frogs

it is poorly developed

endoskeleton

internal, consists of bone and cartilage

compact bone

presence of concentric haversian systems/osteons

compact bone

more organized, harder, more dense

parts of the haversian system

haversian canal, lacunae, lamellae canaliculi,

haversian canal

osteon's central canal that contains blood vessels and nerves

lacunae

cavities that contain osteocytes

osteocytes

bone cells

lamellae

concentric rings of bone formed between lacunae

canaliculi

tiny channels that serve as passageways of materials between lacunae

spongy bone

also called cancellous bone

spongy bone

less organized, less dense, lighter