Gastrointestinal, Urinary, and Reproductive flashcards

Flashcards covering the gastrointestinal, urinary, and reproductive systems to help study for the upcoming exam.

Pyloric Sphincter

During gastric emptying, chyme is released into the duodenum through the

Pancreas

Most fat-digesting enzymes are produced by the

Mouth

The chemical digestion of starch begins in the:

Body and Pylorus

The majority of chemical digestion in the stomach occurs in the:

Propulsion

____occurs throughout most of the alimentary canal.

MALT in the Small Intestine

_____________ prevents bacteria from entering the bloodstream.

Parietal Cells

______ secrete hydrochloric acid.

Oropharynx

The ____ is continuous superiorly with the nasopharynx.

Cecum

The ____ is the part of the large intestine attached to the appendix.

Esophageal Hiatus

The ____ is where the esophagus penetrates the diaphragm.

Visceral Peritoneum

The _____ covers the stomach.

Proximal Small Intestine

Most digestion occurs in the:

Chloride Ions

___ activate salivary amylase.

Glucagon and Insulin Response in Starvation

In starvation:

Amino Acids

____ are needed to build new proteins.

Glycolysis

_____ results in two pyruvate; without oxygen, the end product is lactate.

glucose is high, insulin is high, glucagon is low.

In the absorptive state:

Radiation

A room warms up via

hypothalamus and kept between 97.7–99.5 °F.

The body temperature is controlled by the

NAD to NADH

____ means it has been reduced.

Vitamin A Deficiency

_____ deficiency can cause improper eye development or sight.

Anabolism vs. Catabolism

More anabolism than catabolism results in weight gain.

stomach with pepsin and HCl producing amino acids.

Protein digestion begins in the

Phosphorous

______ is stored in the body.

Acetyl CoA

_____ enters the Krebs cycle.

Bile Salts

The gallbladder provides _____ to aid lipid absorption.

Renin

_____ is released in response to decreased blood pressure.

calcidiol into calcitriol

The kidney converts

Filtration

Systemic BP must stay above 60 for _____.

Nitric Oxide

The paracrine chemical causing vasodilation is _____.

PCT/proximal convoluted tubule

Most absorption and secretion occurs in the

Aldosterone

Progesterone can bind to _____ receptors.

less frequent action potentials.

Vasodilation of renal vessels occurs with

Right Kidney Location

The _____ is lower because it is displaced by the liver.

Ureters

Peristaltic contractions occur in the ____.

Aldosterone

______ opposes natriuretic hormones.

completely retroperitoneal.

The bladder is not completely retroperitoneal.

Blood filtrate

______ is captured in the Bowman's capsule.

inhibited to allow urination.

Somatic neurons must be inhibited to allow urination.

Urine, blood filtration

Kidney Functions

pH 7.40 is 20:1.

The carbonic acid ratio at

chloride

The major anion in extracellular fluid is ____.

Urine

Most water leaves the body via

Respiratory System

Carbonic acid levels are controlled by the

Interstitial Fluid

_____ bathes all cells except blood cells.

Liquids

Most water comes into the body via

Potassium and Electrolytes

The major intracellular cation is

Potassium

The ion with the lowest level in blood is

Carbonic Anhydrase

______ catalyzes CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3.

bicarbonate:carbonic acid buffer

The main acid-base buffer is the

about 30 minutes.

Increased urine output begins in

Calcium and Phosphate

Bone stores

embryo develops female structures

Without SRY:

Y Chromosome

The ______ determines testes or ovaries.

No follicles are left after menopause

Estrogen levels fall post-menopause because

sperm maturation and storage.

The epididymis is for

before birth

Oogonia undergo mitosis

Dominant Follicle

The corpus luteum originates from the

testosterone

Leydig cells secrete

sperm

Male gametes are

pubis, labia majora, and Bartholin’s glands.

Components of Vulva

Spermatogenesis

____ occurs in seminiferous tubules.

bone marrow assumes erythrocyte production

During weeks 9–12, bone marrow assumes erythrocyte production.

Fertilization

Fusion of pronuclei occurs during

both carrier parents

Zoe has CF because she inherited faulty alleles from

FSH and LH

Placental progesterone suppresses

ectoderm

CNS derives from

Embryo

The inner cell mass becomes the

males and females equally likely to inherit.

Marfan syndrome:

Codominance

Dizygotic twins are no more alike than any siblings.