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Memory
Persistence of learning over time; it is information that has been acquired and stored and can be retrieved.
Encoding
The process where perceived information is transformed into a format that can be processed and stored in the brain.
Storage
The process of retaining information in the brain over time.
Retrieval
The process of accessing and bringing stored information back into conscious awareness.
Short-term Memory
Temporarily holds a small amount of information for about 15-30 seconds; has a limited capacity.
Long-term Memory
The stage of memory where information is stored indefinitely, with a virtually unlimited capacity.
Explicit Memory
Involves conscious recall of facts and experiences.
Episodic Memory
Type of explicit memory for specific events and experiences.
Semantic Memory
Type of explicit memory for general knowledge and facts.
Implicit Memory
Memory that does not require conscious thought; crucial for performing everyday tasks automatically.
Procedural Memory
Type of implicit memory for procedures and processes, such as riding a bike.
Prospective Memory
Relates to remembering future actions, such as a dentist appointment.
Sensory Memory
The initial stage of memory where sensory information is stored for a very brief period.
Iconic Memory
Type of sensory memory that briefly holds visual images.
Echoic Memory
Type of sensory memory that retains auditory information for about 3-4 seconds.
Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)
Long-lasting increase in signal transmission between neurons, considered a major mechanism underlying learning and memory.
Flashbulb Memories
A vivid memory about an emotionally significant event, often subject to change over time.
Hippocampus
Neural center in the limbic system that processes explicit memories.
Cerebellum
Part of the brain involved in implicit memory, particularly procedural memory.
Spacing Effect
Learning is more effective when study sessions are spaced out over time.
Massed Practice
Studying content intensively over a short period without breaks.
Maintenance Rehearsal
Involves repeatedly reviewing information to keep it in short-term memory.
Elaborative Rehearsal
Involves deep processing of information by adding meaning.
Retrieval Cues
Stimuli that help bring previously learned information to mind.
Recall
Type of memory retrieval that involves accessing information without cues.
Recognition
Type of memory retrieval that involves identifying information when it is presented.
Context-Dependent Memory
When you remember information better in the same environment where you first learned it.
State-Dependent Memory
Memory retrieval is most effective when in the same state of consciousness as when formed.
Mood-Congruent Memory
Tendency to recall information that matches one’s current mood.
Serial Position Effect
Tendency to remember items at the beginning and end of a list better than those in the middle.
Primacy Effect
Individuals tend to remember items at the beginning of a list better.
Recency Effect
Most recently presented items in a list are recalled more clearly.
Testing Effect
Long-term memory is enhanced when learning includes retrieving information through testing.
Metacognition
Awareness and understanding of one’s own thought processes, especially in relation to learning.
Self-Monitoring
Assessing one’s own learning and memory processes.
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