Memory

Memory

Persistence of learning over time; it is information that has been acquired and stored and can be retrieved.

Encoding

The process where perceived information is transformed into a format that can be processed and stored in the brain.

Storage

The process of retaining information in the brain over time.

Retrieval

The process of accessing and bringing stored information back into conscious awareness.

Short-term Memory

Temporarily holds a small amount of information for about 15-30 seconds; has a limited capacity.

Long-term Memory

The stage of memory where information is stored indefinitely, with a virtually unlimited capacity.

Explicit Memory

Involves conscious recall of facts and experiences.

Episodic Memory

Type of explicit memory for specific events and experiences.

Semantic Memory

Type of explicit memory for general knowledge and facts.

Implicit Memory

Memory that does not require conscious thought; crucial for performing everyday tasks automatically.

Procedural Memory

Type of implicit memory for procedures and processes, such as riding a bike.

Prospective Memory

Relates to remembering future actions, such as a dentist appointment.

Sensory Memory

The initial stage of memory where sensory information is stored for a very brief period.

Iconic Memory

Type of sensory memory that briefly holds visual images.

Echoic Memory

Type of sensory memory that retains auditory information for about 3-4 seconds.

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

Long-lasting increase in signal transmission between neurons, considered a major mechanism underlying learning and memory.

Flashbulb Memories

A vivid memory about an emotionally significant event, often subject to change over time.

Hippocampus

Neural center in the limbic system that processes explicit memories.

Cerebellum

Part of the brain involved in implicit memory, particularly procedural memory.

Spacing Effect

Learning is more effective when study sessions are spaced out over time.

Massed Practice

Studying content intensively over a short period without breaks.

Maintenance Rehearsal

Involves repeatedly reviewing information to keep it in short-term memory.

Elaborative Rehearsal

Involves deep processing of information by adding meaning.

Retrieval Cues

Stimuli that help bring previously learned information to mind.

Recall

Type of memory retrieval that involves accessing information without cues.

Recognition

Type of memory retrieval that involves identifying information when it is presented.

Context-Dependent Memory

When you remember information better in the same environment where you first learned it.

State-Dependent Memory

Memory retrieval is most effective when in the same state of consciousness as when formed.

Mood-Congruent Memory

Tendency to recall information that matches one’s current mood.

Serial Position Effect

Tendency to remember items at the beginning and end of a list better than those in the middle.

Primacy Effect

Individuals tend to remember items at the beginning of a list better.

Recency Effect

Most recently presented items in a list are recalled more clearly.

Testing Effect

Long-term memory is enhanced when learning includes retrieving information through testing.

Metacognition

Awareness and understanding of one’s own thought processes, especially in relation to learning.

Self-Monitoring

Assessing one’s own learning and memory processes.