medterm exam ii

Phalanges

Finger and toe bones.

Abduction

Movement away from the body's midline.

Acetabulum

The hip socket where the femur connects.

Achondroplasia

A genetic disorder affecting bone growth, causing dwarfism.

Ankylosis

Stiffness or fusion of a joint.

Arthralgia

Joint pain.

Arthrocentesis

Surgical puncture to remove fluid from a joint.

Arthrodesis

Surgical fusion of a joint.

Arthroplasty

Surgical repair or replacement of a joint.

Arthroscopy

Visual examination of a joint using an arthroscope.

Bursa

Fluid-filled sac that reduces friction between tissues.

Calcaneal

Related to the heel bone (calcaneus).

Carpal

Related to the wrist bones.

Chondral

Pertaining to cartilage.

Coccygeal

Related to the coccyx (tailbone).

Comminuted fracture

A bone fracture where the bone is shattered into pieces.

Compound fracture

A fracture where the bone breaks through the skin.

Dactylic

Related to fingers or toes.

Dactylogram

A fingerprint.

Dorsiflexion

Bending the foot upward toward the shin.

Eversion

Turning the sole of the foot outward.

Extension

Increasing the angle between two bones.

Flexion

Decreasing the angle between two bones.

Genu valgum

Knock-knees.

Genu varum

Bowlegs.

Hallux

The big toe.

Inversion

Turning the sole of the foot inward.

Kyphosis

Hunchback curvature of the spine.

Lordosis

Excessive inward curvature of the spine.

Mandibular

Related to the lower jaw.

Maxillary

Related to the upper jaw.

Metacarpal

Bones of the hand.

Osteoarthritis

Degenerative joint disease.

Osteochondritis

Inflammation of bone and cartilage.

Osteogenesis

Bone formation.

Osteomalacia

Softening of bones due to vitamin D deficiency.

Osteomyelitis

Infection of the bone.

Scoliosis

Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.

Tendon

Fibrous tissue connecting muscle to bone.

Trapezius

A large muscle in the upper back.

Triceps

A three-headed muscle on the back of the upper arm.

Voluntary muscles

Muscles that are controlled consciously, like skeletal muscles.

Pronation

Turning the palm downward.

Retraction

Moving a body part backward.

Anatomic position

Standard reference position of the body.

Dactylospasm

Spasms of the fingers or toes.

Rotation

Movement around an axis.

Ataxia

Lack of muscle coordination.

Muscular dystrophy

A group of genetic disorders that cause muscle degeneration.

Biceps

A two-headed muscle in the upper arm.

Myokinesis

Muscle movement.

Myoplasty

Surgical repair of a muscle.

Deltoid

A shoulder muscle.

Fatigue

Muscle tiredness.

Flaccid

Weak, limp muscles.

Ligament

Fibrous tissue connecting bones.

Isometric

Muscle contraction without movement.

Myoma

A muscle tumor.

Myomalacia

Softening of muscle tissue.

Myopathy

Any muscle disease.

Myosclerosis

Hardening of muscle tissue.

Myositis

Muscle inflammation.

Myospasm

Muscle spasm.

Passive

Movement done without effort from the person.

Polyplegia

Paralysis affecting multiple limbs.

Range of motion

The extent a joint can move.

Rigor mortis

Stiffening of muscles after death.

Supine position

Lying on the back.

Synovitis

Inflammation of the synovial membrane.

Anabolism

The building up of body cells and substances.

Catabolism

The breakdown of body cells and substances.

Ascites

Abnormal fluid buildup in the abdomen.

Bile

Digestive fluid produced by the liver.

Bolus

A single dose of a substance (food or medication).

Cheilosis

Cracking of the lips due to vitamin deficiency.

Cholangiography

X-ray imaging of bile ducts.

Cholecystectomy

Surgical removal of the gallbladder.

Cholecystitis

Inflammation of the gallbladder.

Cholecystography

X-ray imaging of the gallbladder.

Choledochotomy

Surgical incision of the common bile duct.

Chyme

Semi-digested food in the stomach.

Colectomy

Surgical removal of the colon.

Colonoscopy

Visual examination of the colon.

Colostomy

Opening created in the colon.

Dyspepsia

Indigestion.

Dysphagia

Difficulty swallowing.

Eructation

Burping.

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)

A procedure to examine the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum.

Gastrectomy

Surgical removal of the stomach.

Halitosis

Bad breath.

Melena

Black, tarry stools indicating bleeding.

Peristalsis

Wave-like contractions that move food through the digestive system.

Splenomegaly

Enlargement of the spleen.

Stomatitis

Inflammation of the mouth.

Phlebitis

Inflammation of a vein.

Phlebotomy

Drawing blood from a vein.

Aneurysm

A weakened, bulging artery.

Angina pectoris

Chest pain due to reduced blood flow.

Tachycardia

Abnormally fast heart rate.

Arrhythmia

Irregular heartbeat.