medterm exam ii
### Chapter 5: Musculoskeletal System
- Phalanges – Finger and toe bones.
- Abduction – Movement away from the body's midline.
- Acetabulum – The hip socket where the femur connects.
- Achondroplasia – A genetic disorder affecting bone growth, causing dwarfism.
- Ankylosis – Stiffness or fusion of a joint.
- Arthralgia – Joint pain.
- Arthrocentesis – Surgical puncture to remove fluid from a joint.
- Arthrodesis – Surgical fusion of a joint.
- Arthroplasty – Surgical repair or replacement of a joint.
- Arthroscopy – Visual examination of a joint using an arthroscope.
- Bursa – Fluid-filled sac that reduces friction between tissues.
- Calcaneal – Related to the heel bone (calcaneus).
- Carpal – Related to the wrist bones.
- Chondral – Pertaining to cartilage.
- Coccygeal – Related to the coccyx (tailbone).
- Comminuted fracture – A bone fracture where the bone is shattered into pieces.
- Compound fracture – A fracture where the bone breaks through the skin.
- Dactylic – Related to fingers or toes.
- Dactylogram – A fingerprint.
- Dorsiflexion – Bending the foot upward toward the shin.
- Eversion – Turning the sole of the foot outward.
- Extension – Increasing the angle between two bones.
- Flexion – Decreasing the angle between two bones.
- Genu valgum – Knock-knees.
- Genu varum – Bowlegs.
- Hallux – The big toe.
- Inversion – Turning the sole of the foot inward.
- Kyphosis – Hunchback curvature of the spine.
- Lordosis – Excessive inward curvature of the spine.
- Mandibular – Related to the lower jaw.
- Maxillary – Related to the upper jaw.
- Metacarpal – Bones of the hand.
- Osteoarthritis – Degenerative joint disease.
- Osteochondritis – Inflammation of bone and cartilage.
- Osteogenesis – Bone formation.
- Osteomalacia – Softening of bones due to vitamin D deficiency.
- Osteomyelitis – Infection of the bone.
- Scoliosis – Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.
- Tendon – Fibrous tissue connecting muscle to bone.
- Trapezius – A large muscle in the upper back.
- Triceps – A three-headed muscle on the back of the upper arm.
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### Chapter 6: Muscular System
- Voluntary muscles – Muscles that are controlled consciously, like skeletal muscles.
- Pronation – Turning the palm downward.
- Retraction – Moving a body part backward.
- Anatomic position – Standard reference position of the body.
- Dactylospasm – Spasms of the fingers or toes.
- Rotation – Movement around an axis.
- Ataxia – Lack of muscle coordination.
- Muscular dystrophy – A group of genetic disorders that cause muscle degeneration.
- Biceps – A two-headed muscle in the upper arm.
- Myokinesis – Muscle movement.
- Bursa – A fluid-filled sac that reduces friction.
- Myoplasty – Surgical repair of a muscle.
- Deltoid – A shoulder muscle.
- Fatigue – Muscle tiredness.
- Flaccid – Weak, limp muscles.
- Ligament – Fibrous tissue connecting bones.
- Isometric – Muscle contraction without movement.
- Myoma – A muscle tumor.
- Myomalacia – Softening of muscle tissue.
- Myopathy – Any muscle disease.
- Myosclerosis – Hardening of muscle tissue.
- Myositis – Muscle inflammation.
- Myospasm – Muscle spasm.
- Passive – Movement done without effort from the person.
- Polyplegia – Paralysis affecting multiple limbs.
- Range of motion – The extent a joint can move.
- Rigor mortis – Stiffening of muscles after death.
- Supine position – Lying on the back.
- Synovitis – Inflammation of the synovial membrane.
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### Chapter 7: Digestive System
- Anabolism – The building up of body cells and substances.
- Catabolism – The breakdown of body cells and substances.
- Ascites – Abnormal fluid buildup in the abdomen.
- Bile – Digestive fluid produced by the liver.
- Bolus – A single dose of a substance (food or medication).
- Cheilosis – Cracking of the lips due to vitamin deficiency.
- Cholangiography – X-ray imaging of bile ducts.
- Cholecystectomy – Surgical removal of the gallbladder.
- Cholecystitis – Inflammation of the gallbladder.
- Cholecystography – X-ray imaging of the gallbladder.
- Choledochotomy – Surgical incision of the common bile duct.
- Chyme – Semi-digested food in the stomach.
- Colectomy – Surgical removal of the colon.
- Colonoscopy – Visual examination of the colon.
- Colostomy – Opening created in the colon.
- Dyspepsia – Indigestion.
- Dysphagia – Difficulty swallowing.
- Eructation – Burping.
- Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) – A procedure to examine the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum.
- Gastrectomy – Surgical removal of the stomach.
- Halitosis – Bad breath.
- Melena – Black, tarry stools indicating bleeding.
- Peristalsis – Wave-like contractions that move food through the digestive system.
- Splenomegaly – Enlargement of the spleen.
- Stomatitis – Inflammation of the mouth.
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### Chapter 8: Cardiovascular System
- Phlebitis – Inflammation of a vein.
- Phlebotomy – Drawing blood from a vein.
- Aneurysm – A weakened, bulging artery.
- Angina pectoris – Chest pain due to reduced blood flow.
- Tachycardia – Abnormally fast heart rate.
- Arrhythmia – Irregular heartbeat.
- Atherosclerosis – Hardening of arteries due to plaque buildup.
- Bradycardia – Slow heart rate.
- Echocardiography – Ultrasound imaging of the heart.
- Ischemia – Lack of blood supply to tissues.
- Murmur – Abnormal heart sound.
- Myocardial infarction – A heart attack.
- Pericarditis – Inflammation of the heart's outer lining.
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### Chapter 9: Blood and Lymphatic System
- Thrombin – A protein involved in blood clotting.
- Thrombocytes (Platelets) – Blood cells that help clotting.
- Thrombosis – Formation of a blood clot.
- Antibody – A protein that fights infections.
- Antigen – A substance that triggers an immune response.
- Erythrocytes – Red blood cells.
- Leukocytes – White blood cells.
- Lymph – Fluid containing immune cells.
- Lymphedema – Swelling due to lymphatic fluid buildup.
- Plasma – The liquid portion of blood.
- Polycythemia – Excess red blood cells.
- Septicemia – Blood infection.
Let me know if you need deeper explanations on any of these!