Nursing exam 1B

spirituality

a sense of meaning in life associated with a sense of an inner spirit

spirituality includes

* sense of transcendent reality
* strength from inner resources
* living fully in the present
* sense of inner knowledge

secular perspective of spirituality

a set of positive values chosen by the individual

religious perspective of spirituality

a set of beliefs that help explain the meaning of life, suffering, health, and illness

spiritual distress

The NANDA recognized the nursing diagnosis of in 1978.

prayer

communicating w/ God or speaking with some type of divine entity

transcultural nursing

culturally sensitive care and respect for clients from all cultural backgrounds

culture

a collective way of thinking that defines a relatively large group from others over generations

diversity

explains the differences between cultures

stereotype

an oversimplified belief, conception, or opinion about another person (or group) based on a limited amount of information

primary characteristics of diversity

* nationality
* race
* gender
* age
* religious beliefs

secondary characteristics of diversity

* socioeconomic status
* education
* occupation
* length of time away from the country of origin
* gender issues
* residential status
* sexual orientation

melting pot

* acculturation/fit in
* acculturative stress

salad bowl

* retain cultural features while learning a new culture
* multiculturalism

cultural competence

the provision of effective care for clients who belong to diverse cultures based on the nurse’s knowledge and understanding of the values, customs, beliefs, and practices of the culture

primary skills for cultural competence

* communication: verbal & nonverbal
* understanding
* sensitivity: touch, personal space, eye contact

values

ideals or concepts that give meaning to one’s life

morality

personal values

ethical principle

a general guide to basic truth

beneficence

prompting the well-being of others

nonmaleficence

an intention to avoid harming or injuring others

autonomy

the right to self-govern

justice

patients have a right to fair and impartial treatment

ANA Code of Ethics

* written list of profession’s values and standards of conduct
* framework for decision

9 provisions of the ANA Code of Ethics

1. compassion
2. commitment
3. advocacy
4. authority & accountability
5. duty to self & others
6. promote ethical environment
7. advancement of the profession
8. professional collaboration
9. integrity of the profession

5 steps to decision-making in ethics

1. Recognize there is an issue.
2. Get the facts.
3. Consider the choices of action (right vs. wrong).
4. Make a decision.
5. Act on decision and reflect on outcome.

ethical dilemma

a situation in which two moral principles conflict with one another

key concepts in ethical dilemmas

* veracity: truthfulness
* standard of best interest: a quality-of-life decision
* obligations: include legal and moral obligations
* rights: something owed an individual legally, or by moral and ethical principles

bioethical issues

* abortion
* genetic research
* mandated vaccination

advance directives

* healthcare workers/facility employees/etc. may NOT witness a living will
* healthcare providers may NOT be a patients durable power of attorney for healthcare
* a power of attorney and a durable power of attorney for healthcare are NOT the same

factors affecting communication

* change
* stress
* anger
* group dynamics
* competition
* working environment

encode

listening, processing, and understanding

decode

responding to sender by giving feedback

verbal communication

both the written and spoken word (makes up only about 7% of communication)

nonverbal communication

includes body language, facial expressions, gestures, physical appearance, touch, vocal cues (tone/pauses), and personal space (makes up 93% of communication)

nonassertive communication

* submissive
* aggressive

assertive communication

* direct
* respects self & others
* encourages trust & teamwork
* accurately expresses the person’s feelings, beliefs, ideas, and opinions
* encourages others to express their opinions in an open and respectful atmosphere

conflict on the job

a common situation that causes conflict is when nurses feel overlooked or overwhelmed by their assignments

conflict management

* strategy 1: ignore the conflict
* strategy 2: confront the conflict
* strategy 3: postpone the conflict

types of difficult people

* in control & responsive
* in control & unresponsive
* uncontrolled & responsive
* uncontrolled & unresponsive

7 principles of communication

1. information giving is not communicating
2. the sender is responsible for clarity
3. use simple and exact language
4. feedback should be encouraged
5. the sender must have credibility
6. acknowledgement of others is essential
7. direct channels of communication are best

attributes associated with incivility

* rude
* disrespectful
* intimidating
* undesirable

bullying

incivility beyond impoliteness

lateral violence

a deliberate and harmful behavior demonstrated in the workplace by one employee to another

vertical violence

occurs between individuals at different power levels on the nursing hierarchy

academic incivility

speech/action disrupting harmony in teaching/learning

workplace incivility

the threat of violence or actual causing of harm to workers either inside or outside of the workplace

QSEN

Quality and Safety Education for Nurses

politics influence:

* where children go to school
* quality of food/water
* medications'/prescriptions
* where nurses work
* what nurses do
* ability to organize professionally
* professional status through licensure and certification

nursing skills that translate into political involvement:

* curiosity
* strong communication skills
* listening
* problem-solving
* networking skills