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What does the term 'Biology' literally mean?
The study of life.
What are the two main types of cells?
Prokaryotic cells and Eukaryotic cells.
Who coined the term 'cell' and from what material did he discover it?
Robert Hooke coined the term 'cell' from cork.
What component of the virus protects its genetic material?
Capsid.
What is the highest level of taxonomic classification?
Domain.
Who is known as the father of modern taxonomy?
Carolus Linnaeus.
What are Methanogens?
Archaebacteria that live in environments with no oxygen.
What are the two major groups of the animal kingdom?
Invertebrates and vertebrates.
What is molting or ecdysis?
The shedding of the old cuticle by insects to grow in size.
What is the defining characteristic of Kingdom Plantae?
Plants that may be vascular or non-vascular.
What is a flower?
The reproductive organ of a flowering plant.
What is the role of xylem in vascular plants?
Conducts water and minerals.
What are angiosperms?
Flowering plants that bear fruit to protect seeds.
What is self-pollination?
Pollination from the same flower or plant.
What is budding in asexual reproduction?
Offspring grows as an outgrowth from the parent organism.
What is the main function of the digestive system?
To break down food and absorb nutrients.
What is chyme?
Mixed food and gastric juices in the stomach.
What organs make up the circulatory system?
Heart, arteries, veins, and blood.
What is the primary purpose of the respiratory system?
To supply the body with oxygen and release CO2.
What is the basic unit of the nervous system?
Neuron.
What are the three types of muscular tissues?
Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and skeletal muscle.
What does the integumentary system do?
Covers and protects the body.
What is the focus of ecology?
The relationship between living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) things.
Define phenotypic expression.
The physical appearance of an organism determined by its genotype.
What did Gregor Mendel's law of dominance state?
The dominant gene prevents the expression of the recessive gene.
What are homologous structures?
Organs having similar structure but different functions.
What is biotechnology?
Modification of biological processes through human intervention.
What is the primary characteristic of terrestrial planets?
They have solid surfaces.
What causes seasonal changes in the Philippine Monsoons?
Changing winds.
What do we call a star's tail when it points away from the sun?
The tail of a comet.
What is the physical state of matter characterized by a definite shape and volume?
Solid.
What is the process called where a liquid changes into a gas?
Evaporation.
What composes matter?
Anything that occupies space and has mass.
What is a colloid?
A mixture containing particles that do not settle.
What happens in a chemical change?
The chemical composition is altered or a reaction occurs.
What is synthesis in chemical reactions?
A reaction where two or more substances combine to form a single product.
What do acids have in terms of pH?
A pH value below 7.
What is Newton's First Law of Motion?
An object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an external force.
Define potential energy.
Energy at rest; has the potential to move.
What is the speed of light?
3.0 x 10^8 m/s.
What does refraction refer to?
The change in direction of light as it passes through a medium.
Give an example of a chemical bond that forms between non-metals.
Covalent bond.
What is the term for the energy that is transferred from higher temperature objects to lower temperature ones?
Heat or thermal energy.
What are the two main components of an atom?
Protons and neutrons.
Define a compound.
A substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more types of atoms.
What are 'heterotrophs'?
Organisms that obtain food from other organisms.
Give an example of a decomposer in an ecosystem.
Bacteria or fungi.
What is the primary function of the kidneys?
To remove metabolic waste from the body.
What does 'exothermic reaction' mean?
A reaction that releases energy.
What are the three methods of heat transfer?
Conduction, convection, and radiation.
What is the dominant feature of a gas?
It has no definite shape or volume.
What is the definition of ecosystem?
A relationship between biotic and abiotic factors.
What are two ways that plants reproduce asexually?
Runners and tubers.
What does the term 'genotype' refer to?
Genes of a specific character.
What does 'bio-remediation' involve?
Using biotechnology to address environmental problems.
What is a lunar eclipse?
When Earth's shadow falls on the Moon.
Name the four Galilean moons of Jupiter.
Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto.
What is the largest known star?
Stephenson 2-18.
What defines an inner planet?
A planet with a solid surface.
What is meant by 'aphelion'?
The point in orbit when the sun is farthest from the Earth.
What is a black hole?
A region of space with gravitational pull so strong that nothing can escape from it.
What is a biosphere?
The global sum of all ecosystems.
What are the main components of blood?
Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma.
Who developed the laws of heredity?
Gregor Mendel.
What is the main function of the respiratory system?
To supply the body with oxygen and expel carbon dioxide.
What is the role of the pancreas in the body?
Secretes enzymes for digestion.
What do you call the period of time when a substance goes from a solid to a gas without passing through a liquid phase?
Sublimation.
What is the basic premise of the theory of evolution?
Species change over time through natural selection.
What is the definition of the term 'ecosystem'?
A community of living organisms interacting with their environment.
Who is known for proposing the theory of continental drift?
Alfred Wegener.
What is the purpose of the large intestines?
Water absorption and production of vitamin K.
What is the main difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, while anaerobic does not.
What is a trophic level?
The position an organism occupies in a food chain.
What leads to the phenomenon of global warming?
The accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
What is an asteroid?
A small rocky body that orbits the sun.
What is the primary role of bioengineering?
Modification of biological processes for human purposes.
What characteristics define a mammal?
Mammary glands and hair.
What do we call the tendency of an object at rest to stay at rest?
Inertia.
How do viruses differ from bacteria?
Viruses are acellular and not considered living organisms.
What is the primary characteristic of vascular plants?
They have a system for transporting water and nutrients.
What are the parts of the flower responsible for reproduction?
Stamen (male part) and carpel (female part).
What does 'binary fission' refer to?
A type of asexual reproduction in bacteria.
What is the significance of the ozone layer?
It protects living organisms from harmful ultraviolet radiation.
What causes tides?
The gravitational pull of the moon and the sun.
Which part of the brain is responsible for balance and coordination?
Cerebellum.
What is the smallest unit of life?
Cell.
What is the main function of chlorophyll?
To absorb light energy for photosynthesis.
What characterizes a chemical reaction?
The transformation of substances into different substances.
What is an equilibrium in ecology?
A stable condition in an ecosystem where populations remain in balance.
What causes seasonal changes in climate?
The tilt of the Earth's axis and its orbit around the Sun.
What is the definition of 'habitat'?
The natural home environment of an organism.
How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ?
Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus, while eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus.
What do the terms 'flora' and 'fauna' refer to?
Flora refers to plant life, while fauna refers to animal life.
What process do plants use to convert sunlight into energy?
Photosynthesis.
What is the role of decomposers in an ecosystem?
They break down dead organisms and recycle nutrients.
Define 'mutation'.
A change in the DNA sequence of an organism.
What are the different types of symbiotic relationships?
Mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism.
What is a genotype?
The genetic constitution of an organism.
What does the acronym DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid.
What is the significance of apoptosis in biology?
It is the process of programmed cell death.
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