AP Psych Mod 2.8a-d

sex differences

males and females have nearly identical g scores

females excel in

reading comprehension, verbal fluency, emotional intelligence

males excel in

complex math problems, spatial abilities, have higher IQ variability

racial/ethnic differences

due to environmental factors, not genetics

stereotype threat

self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

scientific bias

test predicting future success equally for all groups

cultural bias

test influenced by test takers' education/experiences

cross-sectional studies

compares people of different ages at the same point in time

longitudinal studies

follows and retests same group of people over time

heritability

portion of variation among individuals in a group that we can attribute to genes

polygenetic

traits influenced by many genes working together

twin studies

identical twins have higher correlated IQs

adoption studies

suggests genetic potential emerges as environmental influences fade - IQ of adopted children become more like biological parents' over time

fixed mindset

static intelligence

growth mindset

developing intelligence with effort and learning

achievement tests

designed to measure what you have learned

estsaptitude t

designed to predict one's future performance

eugenics

pseudoscience advocating to improve human species through selective mating (Sir Francis Galton)

mental age

estimating child's intellectual progress through comparison to others

Alfred Binet

developed test to differentiate intelligence in children

Lewis Terman

believed intelligence was strictly hereditary

IQ formula

mental age/chronological age x 100

WAIS

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (most widely used)

Flynn Effect

gradual but persistent increase in intelligence test scores over the years

standardization

uniformity in procedures

normal curve

bell curve to indicate average scores

reliability

extent to which a test yields consistent results

validity

extend to which a test measures/predicts what it's supposed to

content validity

A test covers the right material

construct validity

The test actually measures what it claims to measure

predictive validity

success of test in predicting behavior

intelligence

ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

intelligence tests

method to assess mental aptitudes and compare them with numerical scores

general intelligence (g)

one general mental capacity underlies all intelligent behavior (Charles Spearman)

factor analysis

statistically identified clusters of intelligence-related items

Cattell-Horn-Carroll Theory (CHC)

intelligence based on one general intelligence and other specific abilities

fluid intelligence (Gf)

ability to reason speedily and abstractly (decrease with age)

crystallized intelligence (Gc)

accumulated knowledge and verbal skills (increase with age)

emotional intelligence (EQ)

ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions

grit

passion and perseverance in pursuit of long-term goals

Howard Gardner

8 intelligences

verbal-linguistic

word smart

logical-mathematical

number/reasoning smart

visual-spatial

picture smart

body-kinesthetic

body smart

musical-rhythmic

music smart

interpersonal

people smart

intrapersonal

self smart

naturalistic

nature smart

savant syndrome

exceptional specific skill with otherwise limited in mental ability

triarchic theory (Sternberg)

analytical intelligence (book smart), creativite intelligence, practical intelligence (street smart)