Science (sobbing)

cooked COOKED COOKED.

Central nervous system

made up of the brain and spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system

network of nerves throughout the body

Neuron / Nerve cell

responsible for transmitting electrical/chemical information around the body

Dendrites

short branched extensions of a nerve cell, receives input from other cells

Axon

nerve fibre that transmits nerve impulses away

Motor neuron

Carry response messages from the CNS to effectors

Connector neuron

connect one neuron to another

Sensory neuron

transports sensory information to CNS

Neurotransmitter

carries chemical signals that neurons use to communicate

Chemoreceptors

detects taste/smell, solute levels or pain sensations

Photoreceptors

detects light, sight

Thermal receptors

detects temperature

Mechanoreceptors

detects mechanical and pressure changes, hearing

Painreceptors

detects pain or damaged cells

Stimulus

a change in environment (internal or external)

Receptors

special cells that transform environmental stimuli into electrical impulses

Glucagon

a hormone that raises blood sugar

Insulin

a hormone that decreases blood sugar levels

Hormones

chemical substances acting as messengers around the body

Pituitary gland

master gland that tells other glands to release hormones, attached to the brain

Thyroid gland

located in neck, regulate metabolism and growth/development

Adrenal gland

on top of kidneys, triggered during fight/flight response

Pancreas

produces insulin and glucagon

Testes

produces testosterone and sperm

Ovaries

produces oestrogen and gametes

Cerebrum

controls conscious thoughts, voluntary movements and receives sensory messages from body parts

Cerebellum

responsible for muscle coordination and balance

Medulla

controls the body’s vital involuntary functions

Hypothalamus

responsible for homeostasis and send signals to pituitary gland

Occipital lobe

responsible for visual perception

Parietal lobe

responsible for touch and body control

Frontal lobe

controls motor activity, problem solving, speech

Temporal lobe

auditory, language, memory, information recall

Parasite

an organism that lives off another organism and takes nutrients from it

Fungi

living organisms that can be food

Virus

non cellular pathogen that only replicate inside living cells

Histamine

a chemical found in some of the body's cells

White blood cells (leukocytes)

type of blood cell made in bone marrow, part of body’s immune system

Lymphocytes

creates antibodies

Antigen

found on the surface of pathogens, causes your immune system to respond/produce antibodies for it

Antibodies

attach to antigens and remove them from the body

Macrophage

a type of phagocyte

Phagocytes

type of cells that can eat microorganisms

Vaccine

a product that contains a weakened or killed version of a particular pathogen

Brain stem

connects the brain to spinal cord

Homeostasis

maintaining a constant internal environment. Controlled by negative feedback loops

Bacteria

microscopic, single celled organisms

Pathogen

an organism that causes disease

Antibiotic

substance that kills bacteria or prevents the growth of bacteria

Contagious

infectious disease that is spread by close contact

Quarantine

isolation to prevent spread of disease

Difference between virus and bacteria

viruses don’t need nutrients, produce wastes or exchange gases with environment

3 stages of virus

contact, replicate genetic material, infect new victim

First line of defence

skin, mucus, stomach acid, nose hairs

Second line of defence

neutrophils, macrophage

Third line of defence

lymphocytes, macrophages, antibodies

Somatic nervous system

controls voluntary movements

Autonomic nervous system

controls involuntary functions

sympathetic nervous system

carries signals that put body's systems on alert

parasympathetic nervous system

carries signals that relax body

effector

muscles and glands that put messages into effect

Grey matter

tissue in CNS that consists of mainly cell bodies

White matter

tissue in CNS that consists of neurons covered in myelin

Reflex arc

nerve pathway operating in a reflex action

Reflex action

an automatic, involuntary response to a stimulus

Metabolism

all the chemical reactions occurring in cells