FINAL EXAM

1)     How much energy is equivalent to 1.0 × 10−4 kg of matter? (Speed of light = 3.0 × 108 m/s)

C) 9.0 × 1012 J

Which of these is not a realistic risk associated with nuclear power plants?

A nuclear explosion

What percentage of a radioactive isotope would remain after three half-lives?

12\.5 percent

The "doping" of a semiconductor to improve its performance means

adding small amounts of other elements to the pure semiconductor to change the freedom of electron motion throughout the crystal

Which increases the efficiency of a photovoltaic or solar cell? \n   \n  I. Replacing crystalline silicon with its non-crystalline form \n  II. Increasing the number of alternating *p*- and *n*-type layers of semiconductors \n  III. Decreasing the thickness of each alternating *p*- and *n*-type layer of semiconductor

II and III only

In this photovoltaic (solar) cell, the *n*-type semiconductor is in the region labeled

B. electron

Which unit is commonly used by utilities to measure the amount of electrical energy consumed?

kWh

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Which type of renewable energy has most commonly been adapted for use on an individual home basis?

Photovoltaic

Which naturally occurring radioactive particles are negatively charged?

Beta particles

Which naturally occurring radioactive particles are the largest?

Alpha particles

What type of radiation is given off in this nuclear reaction? \n   \n 14 14

6 C --→ 7 N + ____

  Beta

In the famous equation *E = mc2*, the symbols represent

A)    *E* = Einstein, *m* = matter, *c* = speed of light.

B)     *E* = energy, *m* = mass, *c* = characteristic of the particle.

C)     *E* = Einstein, *m* = meters, *c* = conversion.

D)    *E* = energy, *m* = mass, *c* = speed of light.

D)    *E* = energy, *m* = mass, *c* = speed of light.

Fission is the process of creating energy by

splitting large nuclei to form smaller, more stable nuclei.

Chemical energy is converted directly into electrical energy in

a galvanic cell.

During the chemical reaction in an electrochemical cell,

oxidation occurs at the anode

Which is the cathode in this galvanic cell? \n   \n \n  

The solid silver electrode

A major advantage of a fuel cell over a standard battery is that

as long as oxygen and fuel are supplied, a fuel cell will not run down like a battery will.

At present, it will be difficult and perhaps inappropriate to develop an economy based on burning hydrogen rather than natural gas or gasoline because

A NiCd battery uses nickel and cadmium to produce a potential difference. Using these equations, answer the below question. \n   \n  I. 2NiO(OH)(s) + 2H2O(l) + 2e− → 2Ni(OH)2(s) + 2OH−(aq) \n  II. Cd(s) + 2OH−(aq) → Cd(OH)2(s) + 2e− \n  III. Cd(s) + 2NiO(OH)(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2Ni(OH)2(s) + Cd(OH)2(s)

Which equation represents the whole chemical reaction within the galvanic cell?

\

C. III

Electrolysis is a process that

requires an electrical current to decompose water into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas.

For the compound Fe3O4, what is the oxidation state of Fe?

Mixture between 2+ and 3+

Batteries are still preferred over supercapacitors for portable electronic applications. What factor(s) give rise to this preference?

A polymer is a large molecule

always made up of identical monomer units.

Which would be classified as a synthetic polymer?

Nylon

1)     This is a schematic representation of the two different forms of polyethylene. \n   \n \n   \n  Which of the following statements is true?

I is HDPE and it has a higher melting point than II which is LDPE

Which of these synthetic polymers is most closely related to the natural protein polymers?

Nylon

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is used in

plumbing pipe.

Polystyrene is used to make Styrofoam® cups. For this usage, which property is most important?

Good insulator

The "big six" polymers are all classified as thermoplastics because they

The molecules that are added to polymers to make them softer and more pliable are known as

plasticizers.

Which is an amine group?

  How many carbon atoms are present in this monomer? \n   \n

8

Which of these represents a portion of a polyester molecule?

A)

Which of these represents an amino acid?