Dual Credit US History Semester 2 Exam 1

1877

Reconstruction Ends with President Hayes' presidency

Exodusters

blacks who moved west to settle new lands available to escape discrimination

Buffalo Soldiers

9th and 10th all black Cavalry (under the command of white officers), fought the Plains Indians, foes called them this reflecting the similarity they saw between African American hair and buffalo hair

Redeemers

democratic politicians who came to power in southern states to end Republican rule established during Reconstruction, moved to formulate a system of segregation, it was a way to preserve the social and economic superiority of white southerners

The Gospel of a "New South"

the south lacked factories and Henry Grady recognized its potential and desired to create a bustling industry with cities and commerce, destruction due to war and loss of slaves hurt the economy, despite the desire, the South remained the poorest region into the 20th century, labor force was largely unskilled, underpaid, and divided by race, the tobacco industry also thrived in the New South, along with timber (South possessed 60% of nation's timber)

Agricultural Ladder

the thought that any poor man willing to work hard and pinch pennies could eventually become a landowner; first as a paid hand, then a sharecropper, then as a tenant and finally a landowner, harsh reality was a ruinous system of credit, sharecropping and crop liens reduced many farmers to virtual slavery, kept southern farmers in perpetual debt, this economic dependence was known as debt peonage

industrialize, technological, south, education,

It was difficult for the south to industrialize because: the south began to \____________ later than the Northeast (North had more time to perfect their craft and produced better quality products), the south contained only a small \______________________ community to guide its development. Northern engineers and mechanics seldom moved \__________. South spent less on \________________ than any other region (cared little for educating poor whites and resisted teaching lacks, due to this, they received too little outside investment to develop, low wages encouraged workers to leave the South for higher pay)

Civil Rights Act of 1866 & the 14th Amendment

promised equal protection for all under law

Plessy v. Ferguson

when Homer Plessy agreed to test a Louisiana law when he sat in the all

Convict Leasing System

Southern states leased convicts, predominantly blacks, who were often imprisoned for minor offenses to plantations and private industries

Pacific Railway Act (1862)

measures that provided federal subsidies (land grants) and loans for the construction of a transcontinental railroad across the US

Transcontinental Railroad

unites the country, stretched nearly 2,000 miles between Iowa, Nebraska, and California, reduced travel time across the West from about 6 months by wagon or 25 days by stagecoach to just four days, Union Pacific used mainly German, Irish, and Hispanics for labor, Central Pacific used mainly Chinese, the two were joined together at Promontory Point, Utah, stimulated economic growth (along with others) simply because by building it required so many resources (coal, wood, glass, rubber, brass, and by the 1880's 75% of all US steel employing hundreds of thousands of workers)

Subsidies

benefits given to an individual, business, or institution, usually by the government, it is typically given to remove some type of burden, and it is often considered to be in the overall interest of the public, given to promote a social good or economic policy

Homestead Act (1862)

gave citizens or future citizens up to 160 acres of public land provided they live on it for 5 years, spurred economic growth with western settlement

Sand Creek (1864)

when Colonel Chivington sought to end all land treaties with Indian peoples, led 700 soldiers against a friendly band of Cheyenne under Chief Black Kettle, he raised an American flag (signal of friendship), but Chivington attacked and killed at least 150, including children holding white flags, saying "kill and scalp all, big and little", Chivington was condemned by Congress and almost all Plains Indians joined together in what became the Sioux Wars.

Little Bighorn

Custer led an expedition in the sacred Black Hills in Montana, he was known for his cruelty towards the Natives ("squaw killer"), spread a rumor that gold was discovered in the Black Hills, causing hundred to flood into the area, President Grant tried to negotiate a new treaty, but failed, ordered all "hostiles" be driven onto reservations, Custer 7th Cavalry of 600+ troops marched against the Sioux, seeking glory, he arrived a day prior to the rest of the military hoping to defeat the Natives, thinking he was attacking a small village, eh stumbled onto an encampment of over 7,000, Sioux leader Crazy Horse charged and killed 267 soldiers (including Custer), Custer's "last stand" marked the beginning of the end of Indian military successes

Dawes Severalty Act

sought to eliminate reservations

Wounded Knee

the cavalry was disarming a group of Natives, a shot rang out, when it was over, 300 Natives and 25 soldiers were dead, last major act of violence towards the Natives

Reservation System

when the government forced Indians off of their lands onto these places so that they could use their land to make settlements

Assimilation

Reformers pushed to have Indians assimilate into white society, reservations failed and made Natives dependent on government aid

Role of Technology

Electricity, Public Transit, Elevators, new system of mass transit freed the middle class and even the poor to live miles from work

Cattle Drives/Barbwire

ranches allowed their herds to roam the "open" range freely, identified only a distinctive brand on their hides, farmers fenced off their land (barbed wire invented by Glidden), shrinking the open range, railroads also limited the area of free land

Effects of government policy towards Native Americans

caused bitterness and resentment from the Natives, caused wars, Natives weren't able to hunt buffalo anymore, so the buffalo population decreased more

Industrial System

a set of arrangements or processes (extraction, production, transportation, distribution, or finance) organized to make the whole industrial order function smoothly

Things needed in order to be an industrial power

natural resources, cheap labor, entrepreneurs, and investment capital, America had efficiency which made them better

Thomas Edison

was one of the best known inventors of the time, when he started in 21, he patented a new invention every 5 months over the next 5 years, created an "invention factory" in 1876 where he hired gifted engineers and inventors

George Eastman

revolutionized photography, for $25 you got a fully loaded camera (1888), weighed 2 lbs and did not require hundreds of pounds of developing equipment, sent the camera in with $10 and received developed images and a re

Samuel Morse

created the telegraph, shorted the amount of time it took to have interstate communication

Alexander Graham Bell

developed the telephone in 1876, President Hayes installed one in the White House, by 1900, more than 1.5 million telephones were in the US, in 1915, the American Telephone & Telegraph Comp. opened the 1st transcontinental line

Investment Capital

money spend on land, buildings, and machinery, a large portion came from the savings of firms, then as more people saved money, they started to invest and spread capital around

New York Stock Exchange

established itself as the basic means of making capital available to industry, people purchased shares of company to provide funding

1st Great Migration

despite most African Americans remaining in the rural South, as many as 300,000 moved towards industrial cities, found it difficult to get jobs due to discrimination (only 10% of workforce by 1890)

Robber BArons

were entrepreneurs who bullied their way to success as the expense of competitors and employees, they typically used questionable/ruthless tactics to achieve success, also had an eye for business, corporations raised money by selling stock certificates (shares), limited the liability of debts (owners no longer %100 responsible) gave rise to professional managers as owners no longer ran the day

Captains of Industry

often philanthropists, used their profits to pay their workers better, donate to charities, etc., they advocated government protection of the rights of management against labor and called for high tariffs to protect their monopolies

Andrew Carnegie

started as a poor immigrant from Scotland, he witnessed the Bessemer process in England (1872), the key to his success was expansion, when railroad stock dropped, he created bridges & skyscrapers, his empire spread horizontally by purchasing rival steel mills, it spread vertically, buying up more sources of supply, transportation, and sales, by 1900, he was producing more than Great Britain

Bessemer Process

used by Andrew Carnegie, converted large amounts of iron ore into durable steel by injecting air into molten iron to remove the carbon and other impurities, producing a lighter, more flexible, rust

JP Morgan

his family played a pivotal role in consolidating almost every major industry in the nation, he sought to combine steel with Carnegie's company. In January 1901, he asked Carnegie to name a price and Carnegie requested $400 million and he simply said "I accept that price", he then purchased the 8 largest competitors and created US Steel, controlled nearly ⅔ of all American steel, valued at $1.5 billion (first billion dollar corporation)

John D. Rockefeller

developed the 1st trust Standard Oil Company controlling 90% of the nation's refining capacity, he expanded horizontally, buying smaller operations, railroads carried his oil all over the country at discounted rates (kickbacks) giving him an edge to squeeze out rivals, eventually, he developed vertically, building pipelines, warehouses, and barrel factories

Henry Ford

was an American automobile manufacturer who created the Model T in 1908 and went on to develop the assembly line mode of production, which revolutionized the automotive industry, it made the car affordable for his workers, not just the rich

Monopoly

a complete control over a particular industry's production, wages, and prices (NO COMPETITION)

Vertical Integration

a process in which you buy out competing producers of raw material (iron ore and coal) in order to control the raw materials and transportation systems

Horizontal Integration

companies producing similar products merge; attempt to buy out competing producers

Trusts

joining with competing companies; participants in a trust turned their stock over to a group of trustees who run the separate companies as one large company (meant to produce a monopoly

Mergers

the idea of two corporations merging

Holding Companies

a corporation of corporations that had the power to hold shares of other companies, many industries converted their trusts to holding companies

Sherman Antitrust Act

banned businesses from interfering with free trade or other unfair practices, it could only grasp to the law through the authority of the federal government to regulate interstate commerce, the US was practically the only industrial nation to limit corporations in this way, the act did have the power to break up trusts, however, Congress did NOT uphold it

Gospel of Wealth

when Carnegie urged the rich to act as stewards for the poor "the man who dies rich dies disgraced", he devoted his later life to philanthropy

Philanthropy

the desire to promote the welfare of others, expressed especially by the generous donation of money to good causes

Laissez Faire

when the government would not interfere with trade at all, a series of Supreme Court cases in 1833 ruled that hotels and railroads were not "public" institutions because private individuals owned them

Social Darwinism

when people used Darwin's view of "survival of the fittest" in nature and applied it to society (he never intended this), those who failed were lazy, ignorant, or morally depraved, those who succeeded were hard working, smart, and favored by God, the unfit were doomed to poverty and the best were destined to be wealthy, found strong support among turn

Corporate Critics

many believed that business owners reaped most of the rewards, despite the hard work of others, there was a popular resentment against the inequalities of industrial capitalism, many workers and farmers demanded redistribution of wealth, civil service reform, and nationalization of railroads and utilities

Socialist Labor Party

called for a revolution to give workers control over production, refusing to compromise their radical beliefs, advocates of socialism ended up attracting more intellectuals than workers, many immigrants rejected how radical and rigid the party was, so to gain greater support they revolted in 1901, by the mid 1880's the response to the growing criticism of big business, government acted

Interstate Commerce Act

a United States federal law that was designed to regulate railroad rates, particularly its monopolistic practices, the act was ineffective due to intentionally vague language by Congress who passed it to placate the public rather than really restrain corporate power

Great Railroad Strike

first nationwide strike, railroads cut wages by 20%, a group of workers blocked the rail line, President Hayes sent in troops to break it up, but this only caused other rail lines to join in support, practically shutting down railroads throughout the nation, after 12 bloody days, 100 people were dead and over $10 million in damages, signaled the rising power and unity of labor and sparked fears

Great Upheaval

a series of strikes, boycotts, and rallies that strengthened bonds among workers, but turned national sympathies against labor workers

Haymarket Square Riot

when a group of anarchists were protesting the recent killing of workers by police, in Chicago, a bomb was thrown into the precession of police trying to disperse the crowd, became a turning point in labor history, it ignited the nation's first "red scare"

Homestead Strike

when Pittsburgh Steel Company workers had a bloody confrontation between the workers and the hired Pinkerton security guards, ultimately leaving 16 people dead and causing multiple injuries, it was because they worked around the clock in 12 hour shifts, 12 during the day one week and 12 during the night the next week, no breaks, not even for meals, 6 day work weeks, repetition of small chores replaced fine craftwork, work was tedious, repetitious, and boring, 35,000 died a year due to accidents and over 536,000 were injured, no compensation from employers or government because it was presumed that it was the worker's fault

Pullman Strike

when he laid off workers and cut wages, but kept rent high on company

Labor Unions

An organization formed by workers to strive for better wages and working conditions, many Americans turned against them when they became violent

National Labor Union

united skilled and unskilled workers, most early unions pushed for an 8 hour workday and better conditions, wilted during the depression of 1873

Knights of Labor

Uriah Stephens helped found it as "one big union" the members met in secret and draped in rituals, they repelled Catholics, promoted the end of child labor, convict labor & abolition of liquor, by 1890 they were practically extinct

Eugen Debs

head of the American Railway Union, was arrested, ran for president behind bars, and became the foremost federalist Social Leader in America

Samuel Gompers

founded the American Federation of Labor, preached accommodation, not resistance, chose to organize highly skilled craft workers because they were difficult to replace, bargained with employers and used strikes and boycotts only as last resort (collective bargaining), there were more than one million members by 1901 (⅓ of all skilled laborers), were less interested in combining skilled and unskilled labor or including women and African Americans, workers themselves were separated by language and culture, divided along lines of race and gender, and fearful or retaliation by management, even in boom times, one in three workers were out of job at least 3 or 4 months a year

Management WEapons

employers always enjoyed the advantage, hire and fired workers and set terms of employment and ruled the workplace, there was a growing pool of labor (supply and demand), managers could also count on federal and state troops to back them over the workers

Yellow Dog Contracts

workers were forced to agree not to join unions

Blacklisting People

similar employers would not hire those who went on strike

Ways the federal government support big businesses

they step in whenever there's a strike, they allow the monopolists to somewhat control what happens in Congress

Push Factors

rising taxes and rent (drove out Asians), disease, famine

Pull Factors

American dream, fresh start

Old Immigrants: NW Europe (1840s

50s)

Ex: Germans and Irish

New Immigrants: SE Europe (1870s

1914)

Ex: Russian, Italian

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

some felt the city was a menace to society, blamed immigrants for the poor status within the cities, Congress banned Chinese immigrants with this act, first and only law specifically banning a racial group

Urbanization

cities were the product of industrialization, initially wealthy lived in the city center and the further you went, the poorer things got, trolly cars and new industrialization reversed this, prior to electric trolley, horses pulled them, very slow and produced tons of manure each day, transportation had to improve in order to meet the demands of urban sprawl, growing congestion and increasing value of land pushed architects to search for ways to make buildings taller\=mass production of steel, this led to the first skyscraper to be built in Chicago in 1885 (10 stories), elevators followed (allowed cities to grow upward instead of outward), the promise of money (jobs) drew people into the cities), they also wanted to experience a vibrant urban culture, entertainment, electricity, schools, stores, restaurants, museums, art galleries, etc.

Brooklyn Bridge

more than a mile long, linked Manhattan with Brooklyn, 13 years to complete, cost $20 million & 20 lives

Slums

as many as 18 lived in a two

Tenement House

typically refers to low

Settlement Housing

an effort by middle

Jane Addams' Hull House

in Chicago, was the most famous example of a settlement house, developed to assist poor/foreign to get on their feet and become productive members of society

Ethnic Neighborhoods

large numbers of different ethnicities clustered together for comfort because of the pressure to learn English, wear American clothes, and become American, they could maintain some of the Old World in these places with food, music, plays, etc.

Political Machines

when labor contractors would meet Northern and Western Europeans (who were drawn by industrial advertising) at the docs, they started as charitable organizations, but became centers of political power, provided things for the poor (food, shelter, jobs, education, etc.) in exchange for the promise of votes, also utilized the "graveyard vote" (people voted multiple times using the names of deceased residents

Boss Tweed/Tammany Hall Ring

brought down by Thomas Nast and the New York Times

Nativism

anti

Social Gospel

a religious movement that arose during 2nd half of the 19th century, ministers, especially ones belonging to the Protestant branch of Christianity, began to tie salvation and good works together, they argued that people must emulate the life of Jesus Christ, the churches felt it was their responsibility for correcting the issues within cities

Gilded Age

a novel by Mark Twain set in the late 1800s, during this era, America became more prosperous and saw unprecedented growth in industry and technology, had a more sinister side than the reality, it was a period where greedy, corrupt industrialists, bankers, and politicians enjoyed extraordinary wealth at the expense of the working class, in fact, it was wealthy tycoons, not politicians, who inconspicuously held the most power during this period

The Temperance Movement

started in the 1820s, many women's groups advocated banning of alcoholic beverages and end drunkenness, husbands/fathers spent their money on alcohol instead of the family, broke families apart, will become popular with the 18th Amendment

Culture of Consumption

as standards of living rose, people started to purchase consumer products, industries began providing "ready

Chain Stores

catered to the working class, owners kept prices low by buying in bulk, gave rise to material culture

Mail

Order Catalogs

De Facto Segregation

segregation by custom

De Jure Segregation

segregation by law