Adaptive Immunity and Immunization

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22 Terms

1
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What is immunity?

The ability of an organism to recognize and defend itself against pathogens.

2
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What is the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

Innate immunity is produced against pathogens regardless of their type, while adaptive immunity is specific to particular pathogens.

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What are the two types of adaptive immunity?

Naturally acquired and artificially acquired immunity.

4
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How is naturally acquired adaptive immunity acquired?

By having a disease or through the transfer of antibodies from mother to fetus or through breast milk.

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What is the difference between active and passive immunity?

Active immunity is produced by the host's own immune response, while passive immunity is provided by ready-made antibodies.

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What is naturally acquired active immunity?

Immunity produced when a person is exposed to an infectious agent.

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What is artificially acquired active immunity?

Immunity produced when a person is vaccinated with inactive, weakened, or dead organisms.

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What is passive immunity?

Immunity created when ready-made antibodies are introduced into the body.

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What is an antigen?

A substance that the body identifies as foreign and elicits a specific immune response.

10
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What is a hapten?

A small molecule that can elicit an immune response when bound to a larger protein.

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What is the role of lymphocytes in the immune system?

They are a key part of the immune system and are divided into B cells, T cells, and natural killer cells.

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What are the two types of immune responses?

Humoral immunity (dependent on antibodies) and cell-mediated immunity (dependent on T cells).

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What are the four general properties of the immune system?

Recognition of self versus non-self, specificity, diversity, and memory.

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What is clonal selection in the immune system?

The process by which lymphocytes that recognize specific antigens are replicated while self-recognizing lymphocytes are deleted.

15
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What is the primary immune response?

The immune response that occurs when the antigen is first recognized by B cells.

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What characterizes the secondary immune response?

A faster and stronger response due to memory cells recognizing a previously encountered antigen.

17
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What is vaccination?

The process of inducing an active immune response by administering a vaccine containing antigens.

18
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What is a live vaccine?

A vaccine containing live bacteria or viruses with low pathogenicity, which can replicate without causing disease.

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What is the difference between killed-organism vaccines and live vaccines?

Killed-organism vaccines cannot replicate and each dose must contain sufficient antigen, while live vaccines replicate and provide sustained antigen doses.

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What are subunit vaccines?

Vaccines that contain purified antigenic components of pathogens, often resulting in fewer adverse reactions.

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What is the function of monoclonal antibodies?

They are specific antibodies produced by a single clone of B cells, used for various therapeutic purposes.

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What factors can affect immune responses?

Age, race, season, diet and nutrition, exercise, pregnancy, and lifestyle factors like sleep disorders and environmental exposures.