DIABETES

What is diabetes mellitus commonly associated with?

Excessive urination, excessive sugar in the blood, and hormone imbalance.

What are the pancreatic islets and their function?

They have alpha, beta, and delta cells; beta cells produce insulin, alpha cells produce glucagon, and delta cells produce somatostatin.

What does the term 'mellitus' refer to in diabetes mellitus?

It means 'sweet'.

What characterizes Type 1 diabetes?

The pancreas does not release insulin.

What is a common treatment for Type 2 diabetes?

Pills and lifestyle changes like diet and exercise.

What are the three classic signs and symptoms of diabetes?

Polyuria, polyphagia, and polydipsia.

What role does insulin play in the body?

It regulates the metabolism and storage of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

What happens to glucose in the liver and muscles when extra glucose is present?

It is stored in the form of glycogen.

What is glycogenolysis?

The conversion of stored glycogen into glucose.

What are common causes of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?

Infection, missed insulin doses, and newly diagnosed diabetes.

What is the function of somatostatin?

It helps control blood sugar by inhibiting the secretion of insulin and glucagon.

What is amylin's role in the body?

It slows the rate of food absorption from the intestines and curbs appetite.

What is hyperinsulinemia?

It is the first sign indicating pre-diabetes.

What does acanthosis nigricans indicate?

It is a sign of insulin resistance and prolonged hyperinsulinemia.

What hormones do the thyroid gland produce?

T3, T4, and calcitonin.

What is the primary cause of accelerated atherosclerosis related to insulin?

Inadequate levels of insulin.

What happens to amino acids during protein metabolism with insulin present?

Insulin stores amino acids that form proteins.

What is gluconeogenesis?

The creation of new sugar sources via the breakdown of stored fats and proteins.

What are common symptoms of diabetes related to vision?

Blurred vision.

What dietary change can help manage diabetes?

A diet low in carbohydrates.

What is a result of insufficient insulin regarding glucose?

It leads to gluconeogenesis, which produces glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.

What metabolic processes are affected by insulin?

Carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism.

How does cortisol affect blood sugar levels?

It can increase sugar levels, particularly in conditions like Cushing’s disease.

What is a common complication in diabetes regarding wound healing?

Wounds heal slowly.

What two metabolic processes are primarily regulated by glucagon?

Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.

What skin changes are associated with prolonged hyperinsulinemia?

Hyperplasia of the skin leading to brown to black discoloration.

What is the function of pancreatic acini?

To produce pancreatic enzymes that aid in digestion.

What happens to individuals' weight with untreated Type 2 diabetes?

They often experience unexplained weight loss.

What is a physiological response to amylin when meals are consumed?

It co-secreted with insulin to slow food absorption from the intestines.

What is a visual indicator of insulin resistance?

Acanthosis nigricans.