DIABETES

                                                                        DIABETIC EMERGENCIES

DIABETES- Makes you pee excessively (hypovolemic)

-              Excessive sugar (thick blood)

-              Hormones balance

EXOCRINE

·      Acini (glands) produce pancreatic enzymes

·      Carried via ducts into duodenum

·      Enzymes then break down protein & fats

ENDOCRINE

·      Pancreatic islets have A, B, D

·      Beta- produce & secrete insulin

·      Alpha- Produce & secrete glucagon

·      Delta- produce & secete somastatin

DIABETES MELLITUS

-              Diabetes= to siphon out, to pull out

-              MELLITUS= Sweet

-              Can test by urine taste lol

TYPE 1

-              Pancreas aren’t releasing insulin

-              Needs insulin to fix issue

TYPE 2

-              The Fatter the person the more insulin needs to be produced

-              Pills

Signs & symptoms

·      Polyuria, polyphasia, polydyspia

·      Unexplained weight loss

·      Blurred vision

·      Wounds heal slowly

·      Vaginal yeast infections

·      Tingling burning in feet Early neuropathy

Treatments

·      Diet low in carbs

·      Exercise

·      Medications

GESTATIONAL

-              Pregnant lady due to needing to feed child as well

INSULIN

-              Much more than just transporting glucose into cells

-              Regulates the metabolism and storage of

·      Carbohydrates

·      Fats

·      Proteins

CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM

-              Attaches to receptors on cell membranes glucose from the blood stream & into the cells for energy

-              Extra glucose in the liver & muscles in the for of Glycogen

-              GLYCOGEN- THE CONVERSION OF GLYCOGEN TO GLUCOSE

FAT/LIPID METABOLISM

-              Inadequate levels of insulin= accelerated atherosclerosis

-              Absent insulin= glucogenesis

PROTEIN METABOLISM

-              Insulin also stores amino acids that form proteins

FUNCTIONS OF GLUCAGON

-              Glucogenolysis- to convert stored glycogen into glucose

-              Gluconeogenesis- create new sugar sources via breakdown of stored fats & proteins

Cotisol & Growth Hormone increase sugar

-              Cortisol in Cushing’s disease

CAUSES OF DKA

-              Infection/fever 40% #1 reason of high sugar (nausea & upset stomach)

-              Missed or inadequate insulin 25%

-              Newly diagnosed 15%

-              Other reasons- heart attack, stroke, trauma, stress, surgery, ETOH abuse

SOMATOSTATIN

-              Act as a buffer to prevent rapid swings in blood glucose levels; helps control blood sugar by inhibiting the secretion of insulin & glucagon

-              Also inhibits the secretion of growth & thyroid stimulating hormone

AMYLIN

-              Co-secreted with insulin in response to meals

-              Together with insulin it slows rate of food absorption from intestines

-              Suppresses glucagon- less glycogen converted to glucose

-              Curbs appetite and food intake (satiety)

HYPERINSULINEMIA- The first sign to pre-diabetes

ACONTHOSIS NIGRICANS

-              Seen w/ insulin resistance- prolonged hyperinsulinemia (changes skin tissue)

-              Hyperplasia of the skin

-              Brown to black

OTHER ENDOCRINE DISORDERS

Thyroid Gland

-              Produces T3 & T4 (and calcitonin)

·      Inactive protein bound / biologically active free